Apho yasungulwa iphepha. History and Facts

Ekuqalekeni ube ekho ngqangi

esiyibiza ntoni na iphepha, ngaphandle apho ubomi ofisi mihla lee, ayikho ngamaxesha iphepha format A4. Ngoko ke, umbuzo wokuba apho kwemoto lephepha, awukwazi ukunika impendulo ecacileyo. Enye kwiminyaka engamawaka amane eyadlulayo amaYiputa amandulo kusetyenziswa papyrus ukuba ukubhala. Nge zinti ukususa ngenyameko umaleko ongaphezulu wesikhumba. sheets Previous ubhityile kuthelekiswa omnye komnye yaye igcinwe phantsi kwengcinezelo enzima. I kophethe woma neemakhishithi yeengcongolo, bakhonza iphepha lokubhalela.

In Russia yamandulo zasetyenziselwa zokubhala umaleko engaphakathi ezinde amaxolo. Yafunyanwa ngama abembi iincwadi birchbark ezi kwiinkulungwane 11-15. Nangona ingxelo umbhali Arab Ibn al-Nedim ithi "ezweni Rousseau baye oonobumba wazikrola kwiphetshana ezimhlophe zomthi." Post lisukela emva konyaka 987. Eminye imithombo esizwe zibonisa ukusetyenziswa koonobumba ezinde-ixolo of North American namaNdiya.

Homeland iphepha

Ilizwe apho iphepha kokusungulwa, esilisebenzisayo namhla, wanika porcelain ehlabathini, ikhampasi, wompu, yomlilo. Kakade ke, malunga China. Ke ukuba amagama nabasunguli 'uhlobo' noxwebhu lwephepha - misongo njengompapiri tablets - azaziwa, igama lomntu ceba iphepha, owaziwa kakhulu kakuhle. Bona i Tsai Lun, owayesele lithenwa enkundleni. Esi siganeko kwenzeka ngo-105 AD, ebudeni bolawulo i kaHananiya ubukhosi.

Ilizwe apho kwemoto iphepha, ezingatyalwanga Ashera ezinde. Apha zikhula yemibhaka, uqalo nerayisi. Cai Lun rastolok amaxolo ezinezikhondo lomthi yemibhaka. Lo mxube yahlaliswa ezixutywe namanzi, benemfuyo neenkuni uthuthu, uze emva koko ibekwe phezu imivalo isakhelo loqalo. I mpuluswa umaleko ngenxa usebenzisa namatye womisa elangeni. Oku indlela iphepha lokuqala iphepha. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ubugcisa bemveliso ngcono. Lo mxube yaqanjwa Cai Lun, waqalisa ukongeza istatshi, imicu neyesilika, colorants, leyo ngcono kakhulu umgangatho oxwebhu ephepheni.

Yonke le mfihlakalo kucaca

Abantu basempumalanga yelizwe apho kwemoto iphepha, igcinwe ngenyameko izinto ezifihlakeleyo imveliso yawo. Noko ke, kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezadlulayo, abarhwebi Chinese bahamba kunye nempahla bawo abasehlabathini lonke. Caravan, efika kwisixeko esitsha, ukunxibelelana, ukwabelana ngeendaba. Ukubuyela welizwe loonyana babantu bakowabo, bazisa iindaba ezivela phezu kolwandle. Yaba uhlobo lonxibelelwano lwehlabathi. Kwaye ngandlela kwisixeko Samarkand, abarhwebi Arab ukufumana izinto ezifihlakeleyo kwephepha, kwaye nokufunda bamzisa eSpeyin. Iphepha apha waqala ukwenza ngo-1150. Kungekudala kubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa iphepha kuye kwaziwa kuwo onke amazwe aseYurophu.

Ishishini iphepha Russian wabonakala kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini kwenkulungwane ye-16. Imithombo ingxelo yokuba eMoscow ngenkulungwane ye-16, bekukho zokusila iphepha 10, iinkampani 50, apho wenza ngesandla iphepha nekhadibhodi enokuhlaziyeka.

Ngoku zonke schoolchild uyazi, apho kuza iti, izinti, apho iphepha kokusungulwa, ngokubanzi, ezo zinto ziye zaba yinxalenye yobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.

Noko ke, ngaphantsi eyaziwayo into yokuba, apho oomatshini yokuqala avelisa iphepha ngendlela esisebenzisa ngayo ngoku. Kwaye esi siganeko kwenzeka eFransi ngo-1798. Kwaye 1807 ubuntshatsheli eNgilani enelungelo wayila kumatshini ngenxa nokuveliswa adlula kwephepha. Kungekudala iqala ubukhulu woveliso ukuphakheja yephepha. Kodwa elo lelinye ibali.