Novgorod Chronicle - ezikhumbuzo nanto

Zemihla Novgorod abe ngokwesithethe elide, kusekelwe kwinkulungwane XI, kwaqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane ezisixhenxe. Amaxwebhu kukhululwa ngenkxola ababhali bamandulo, baba yinto umthombo ebalulekileyo isifundo imbali zophuhliso lwentlalo-nezopolitiko kulo mmandla enkulukazi.

Qala Chronicle

umlando esekhona Novgorod ezikhethiweyo okwexeshana kumagumbi amahlanu. Ngamnye kubo inoluhlu oluninzi, ebizwa kakubi. Umzekelo, i-First Novgorod Chronicle e lweVulgate bakhe iquka ixesha ukusuka ekuqaleni XIII kunye XIV ukuba novalo zenkulungwane. Iye yasinda ngokohlobo uluhlu encinane izikhumba, nto leyo iba ifomati esingadlulanga ikota yephepha eqhelekileyo, equka abalikhulu namashumi amathandathu anesithoba sheets.

A lweVulgate kamva processing yayo ezininzi yongezwe, wawubeka xa kuthe inshorensi eyandisiweyo a yembali eqongeni, uqhebeke banesifo zenkulungwane XV. Ukongeza kwinguqulo elifutshane "Russian Inyaniso" - ingqokelela eyodwa lwekhulu XI, equlathe ingxelo ulawulo lomthetho ka Kievan Rus - iqulathe amanye ezikhumbuzo yokwenziwa kwemithetho yamandulo. Novgorod Chronicle lweVulgate omncinane, kwakunye version yayo mva zigcinwa uqokelelo Synodal Department of the State Museum Historical.

Samkelwa ukulandelelana yemihla Novgorod

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zeemeko amanani ngokulandelelana yemihla banikwa ngokusekelwe rhandzana seziganeko thaca kuzo, yaye hayi indlela yokubhala itekisi ngokwabo. Umzekelo, i-maxesha iziganeko eziquka Novgorod Annals lweVulgate kuqala zilandelayo okwesibini, kukho nokuqhubekeka ngqo kwingxelo yesine, walondoloza recensions eziliqela.

Umkhumbuzi Uqamba malunga neziganeko ezenzeka ukuya kwi novalo - ngamahlanu benkulungwane XV, kwaye ingakumbi wayenza kuluhlu wayisithelisa kwixesha kamva. abaphandi abaninzi badla bakholelwa ukuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye nkqubo akufuneki zigcinwe ukuba imihla yethu Novgorod-Sofia arch okhankanywe namanye amaxwebhu embali njengoko Sofia First Chronicle.

Fifth Novgorod Chronicle

Ukufunda izinto eziqulathwe kule ngxelo, ngokuqhelekileyo inani ezintlanu ezinyuliweyo, kulula ukubona ukuba akukho ngaphezu kokuba ezimbalwa kwaye ngokuyinxenye incediswa le ngxelo yesine, apho incoko baya ngasentla. Inkcazelo iziganeko zembali iwisiwe kulo kunyaka 1446.

Zemihla ngemihla, ubalisa amaxesha Ivana Groznogo

Chronicle Novgorodskie ukuba amanani serial yesibini neyesithathu, kunjalo ebhaliweyo kakhulu kamva ngaphezu yesine eyesihlanu. Oku ngokucacileyo ibonisa lwenziwa yi uhlalutyo kweelwimi kwisicatshulwa. Ukuthelekisa kunye namanye amaxwebhu yembali ibonisa ukuba umlando yesibini iqulathe inani elikhulu kwezinye yemihla ezahlukeneyo ukuboleka zahlanganiswa Novgorod.

Asekhoyo kuhlu olulodwa, apho, ngokutsho abaphandi, nobutyobo yalahleka, iqulathe yonge iinyani ezinika umdla malunga nexesha wolawulo Ivana Groznogo. Gqitha ulwazi olunxulumene Livonian Imfazwe iphulo Kazan.

Ubungqina libandla nobomi kazwelonke

Landela umlando wayo wesithathu waqhubeka ulwazi olunzulu ngembali yobomi yonqulo Novgorod, yaye ngokukodwa izakhiwo zetempile kuyo. Olu xwebhu i esixabiseke izinto isifundo lwezakhiwo yamandulo abanemvume emva kwexesha. Njengabathile Novgorod Chronicle, uxwebhu waziwa recensions eziliqela, yaye, ukuba uhlaziyo ephambili kuzisa inkcazelo iziganeko phambi 1675, e nezintlu ezahlukeneyo, baqhubeka phambili.

Ukongeza kwezi zesikhumbuzo, epapashwe ngexesha lethu yaye babe ifumaneke kuluntu jikelele, kukho kwakhona iqela elikhulu namanye amaxwebhu embali ezifanayo ngokwendalo iqela Novgorod uSophia. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, kufuneka ibandakanye ekuthiwa-Chronicle yesithandathu Novgorod. Ngokungafaniyo ababengaphambi yawo, kunye nenkcazelo ngeziganeko ezenzeka phakathi komzi ngokwayo, iqulathe isixa esikhulu izinto zesizwe eziphathelele imbali karhulumente yonke.

ezikhumbuzo Kwento

zesikhumbuzo abaninzi lushicilelwe imbali yethu ngexesha elithile okanye omnye izinto angqinelanayo kuchaziwe nasemagumbini ezintandathu ezisisiseko, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngentla. Xa Novgorodskie jikelele Imibhalo phakathi umxholo kakhulu ezininzi capacious yeziKronike Russian. ezikhumbuzo abaninzi yokubhala yamandulo, sibhalwe kwezinye iindawo Rus yamandulo, kuthwala umkhondo ngempembelelo yazo.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ingxelo iziganeko yemihla thile namkhethe, ngenxa ukongamela le ngcinga nongxowankulu abalawulayo Boyar Republic, nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko sympathies ababhali 'ngokucacileyo ecaleni eqhelekileyo.