Palmyra, Syria: imbali kunye nenkcazelo kwisixeko samandulo

Palmyra (Syria) sesinye sezixeko ezindala emhlabeni. Sisihlandlo sokuqala lo mzi lisukela emva kwiminyaka 900 BC. Palmyra mthetho yaziwa nanamhla ookumkani bamandulo. Kukho ezenzeka mvukelo, kwawa imibuso, ngamayelenqe, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezininzi zembali ezibalulekileyo. Le sesakhiwo bamaxesha amandulo iye yasinda kuzo namhlanje kwaye wahlukile ngokwenene. Noko ke, ngo-2015 iintsalela esixeko samandulo zatshatyalaliswa yi abagrogrisi "state Islamic."

kudala

Ubudala isixeko nga kuvavanywa ubuncinane yokuba eBhayibhileni kukho inkcazelo inqaba efana Palmyra. Syria ngelo xesha akukho bengatshatanga. On nommandla wayo yayilawulwa ngookumkani ezahlukeneyo kunye nezizwe. Umlinganiswa ebhayibhileni ezaziwayo-kakuhle - uKumkani uSolomon - bagqiba ukuseta iTademore (igama yangaphambili) njengenqaba ukuba uvikele ukuhlasela Aram. Le ndawo lwakhethwa ekudibaneni kweendlela zorhwebo. Kodwa kungekudala emva kokwakhiwa isixeko yatshatyalaliswa phantse ngokupheleleyo kwiphulo Nuavuhodnosora. Kodwa indawo elungileyo kakhulu kwenza abanini ezintsha ukwakha indawo yokuhlala. Ukususela ngoku apha beza rhoqo Abarhwebi abazizityebi kunye yezikhulu. Kwisithuba nje ixesha elifutshane yeendawo zokuhlala entlango, Palmyra waba ubukumkani.

Amarhe yobutyebi ziye lwanabela nakwimida eYurophu. Sam umlawuli waseRoma wafumanisa ukuba entilini umEfrate kukho obungathethekiyo isixeko esihle Palmyra. Aram ngoxa elawulwa ngokungaphelelanga i Parthians, aba imfazwe neRoma. Ngoko ke, amajoni yasebukhosini wagqiba ekubeni ndiwuthimbe lo mzi, kodwa ezi nzame ziye akubanga yimpumelelo. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva injengele Antonine ubukhosi wazinika iTademore. Ukususela ngoko indawo isixeko ezingqongileyo waba eyayilithânga laseRoma. Kodwa abaphathi endawo wamnika amalungelo angekho kwamanye amazwe oyiswe.

Amandla omkhulu

Umlo phezu ntsimi ebanzi kakhulu kolawulo wephondo Palmyra. Aram ngomnye esithathwini entlango, apho akunakwenzeka ukuhlala. Ngoko ulawulo kule ndawo kwakuxhomekeke kuthinjwe iinqaba eziliqela ezalathelwe uphuhliso. Ngubani alawula indawo phakathi kolwandle kunye intlambo umEfrate, ukuba ubenegalelo yonke entlango. Ekubeni umzi kude kakhulu ukusuka kumazwe esembindini wamaRoma, kwakukho ngokufuthi ukuvukela eyinkunzi. Ngenye indlela, Palmyra ebesoloko wahlala kwiphondo elizimeleyo kakhulu, elandela umzekelo Greek isixeko-nkqubo. amandla lalonyukile ebukumkanini Queen Zenobia. In Tamdor ngemoto nabarhwebi lonke eMiddle East. Sakhiwe neetempile zodidi kunye amabhotwe. Ngoko ke Zenobia wagqiba ukuba ngokupheleleyo, lahlani kwidyokhwe yamaRoma. Noko ke, Aurelian, uMlawuli waseRoma, usabele ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo wahamba amajoni akhe ukuba imida ezikude. Ngenxa yoko, amaRoma oyisa Palmyra, kwaye ukumkanikazi ekuthinjweni. Ukususela ngoko iqala ukwehla kwesinye sezixeko intle ngamakhoboka.

kwelanga

Emva ukubhukuqwa Zenobia isixeko nangoku wahlala phantsi ukuphicothwa baseRoma. Abanye babo bazama ukuba yakhiwe kwaye ubuyisele ngayo kuqala Palmyra. Noko ke, imigudu yabo ukuba akubanga yimpumelelo. Ngenxa yoko, kweli AD 8 behlasela Arab luthathe indawo, nto leyo ikhokelele Palmyra kwakhona zatshatyalaliswa. Emva koko, kuphela ukuhlala encinane abaseleyo kwiphondo enamandla. Noko ke, inkoliso ezikhumbuzo ezigcinwe, owayekhe wahlala ukuya ngoku kude 2015 phantsi kukhuselo "UNESCO". Aram - Palmyra, Inqaba yamandulo leyo eyaziwa kwihlabathi liphela, ingakumbi - yaba eMecca wokwenene kubakhenkethi. Noko ke, izinto zitshintshile.

Palmyra: isixeko Syria namhlanje

Ukususela ngo-2012, ngo-Aram imfazwe yamakhaya wamagazi. Ngo-2016, oko nangoku hayi ngaphezulu, kwaye kuyo onke ubuso obutsha. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-2015 Palmyra waba inkundla. Kanye kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, eli phondo ndawo ifanelekileyo kolawulo entlango. Apha iya umzila ngobuchule kubalulekile Deir ez-Zor. Zaba phantsi kolawulo yimikhosi karhulumente Bashar Assad. Okuninzi kwiphondo namabutho zasebusika Tamdor ngokunyebelezela umbutho abagrogrisi "Islamic State of Iraq kunye Levant". Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva babezama ndiwuthimbe lo mzi, kodwa watsho phantsi.

imbubhiso

Noko ke, entwasahlobo emva kwexesha, xa imikhosi eziyintloko imikhosi karhulumente babexakekile kwezinye iindawo, namabutho ngokusesikweni yahlasela Palmyra. Emva kweveki yokuvutha yokulwa LIH wakwazi ukuthatha indawo isixeko ezingqongileyo. Oku kwalandelwa luthotho kufa. Namabutho yaqala kutshabalalisa ezikhumbuzo yamandulo. Ukongezelela, abanqolobi baye bavumela ebizwa ngokuba "archeologists abamnyama" ukusebenza esixekweni. Point ifumana ukuba angathengisa ngomgunyathi ngentlawulo emba eqolo. Ezo sayithi ezingekho transportable, zibhubhe. imifanekiso yesatellite ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngeli xesha ongekho ebusweni phantse zonke izakhiwo kwisiza waba ngumzi Palmyra apho kanye. Aram uhlala kwimo yongquzulwano ngezixhobo, ngoko ke akwaziwa ukuba ushiye olu imfazwe yoyikekayo naziphi ezikhumbuzo ukuze inzala yethu.