Abemi: imizekelo, iimpawu, ukwanda kwabantu

Ngokuqinisekileyo nomqondo ezinye oko labemi. Imizekelo inkcazelo yawo yonke saba eklasini biology. Xa iincwadi esikolweni, esi sihloko uyafundiswa ngokwenkcukacha. Kodwa ukuba ukulungiselela uviwo okanye ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi labemi (imizekelo, iimpawu, amandla), eli nqaku liza kuba yintoni luncedo kuwe.

nokwabiwa kweentlobo kulo mzekelo isele

Inani labantu naluphi na uhlobo isasazwe edyokhweni kwisithuba, ngokungqinelana ngokupheleleyo Iqhalo eyaziwayo: ezinabantu endaweni enye, ezinye ingenanto. Oku kakhulu zendalo. Kodwa phi siqale siqwalasele umxholo othi "abantu"? Imizekelo kunokukunceda nombono ukuba ukwabiwa ethile kweentlobo kwi kwiplanethi yethu.

frog enokutyiwa eqhelekileyo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kodwa akakho umntu ebeya kucinga ukuba ukukhangela amasele imithi yehlathi okanye iliwa imijelo owomileyo. Zihlala imigxobhozo, kufutshane amachibi kunye nezinye iindawo ezimanzi. indawo enjalo nangona ezifumaneka kuwo onke amazwe, kodwa akawuvingca ngokupheleleyo lonke Europe. Ngenxa yoko, amasele zisasazwa ngokulinganayo, amaqela. La maqela abantu lingaba likhulu okanye ezincinane, isibini leminyaka okanye kwiinkulungwane ezikhoyo. Kunyaka ingakumbi imanzi, xa nizinka zozibini zizele amanzi amasele kumgxobhozo yandisa kude yaye nokuba ujungujungu kwezinye ngakumbi ngexesha pool. Kodwa ehlotyeni owomileyo eludakeni lome, nabo bonke wabonakala apha ekukhanyeni amaxoxo kufa. Ekupheleni, yaye imbali elifutshane eli qela lincinane.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nasekusungulweni bayahlelwa yeqela amasele, rhoqo ohlala kumgxobhozo enkulu. Bawasika, ke ngoko ukwanda ngenani - kuxhomekeka kwiimeko zobomi - abemi a amasele kumgxobhozo enkulu inokuba amakhulu okanye amawaka ngezizukulwana. Ubomi yelo qela liya kuqhubeka zisekhusini ukusuka kwamanye amaqela, ekubeni omnye nomgxobhozo elikhulu kufuphi imiqathango efanelekileyo yobukho elide inokufunyanwa amashumi km ukusuka ekuqaleni. Nangona isele ebomini bakhe, Kakade ke, uya kuthatha abangama kwamashumi khilomitha, akukho namnye kubo endalweni proskachet ngeekhilomitha ezilishumi kumgca othe ngqo.

Ubungakanani yodwa lweentlobo

Kakade ke, kumgxobhozo lethu nezinabantu ngokupheleleyo evela kwabanye. Ingwamza ibhabhela phezu kwakhe, ngubani othanda ukuzingela ayikho phezu kwayo, phezu kumgxobhozo ekufutshane, kwaye loo nto ayithethi malini nantoni na ukuze soyise kwiikhilomitha elinesibini, uyakwazi Ivuze phezu ichibi lethu isele, eyenzelwe amantshontsho akhe. Amadada okanye enye zasemanzini, eziphaphazelayo apha entwasahlobo, ungakwazi ukuqala iKonsole amaqanda ezimbalwa komnye umzimba ngamanzi, ophezu ngendlela yayo; ukuba unethamsanqa, amaqanda banokuba kwenye, indawo engaqhelekanga kakhulu. iziganeko ezinjalo, Kakade ke, zinqabile kakhulu, kodwa kufuneka ixesha kwenzeka ukususela amaxesha ngamaxesha.

Musa ukucinga ukuba ubomi amaqela akwanti elinjalo luphawu kuphela ukuba abemi imigxobhozo kunye namanye amaqumrhu yamanzi. Njengesizwe igala, ibonakale ngokucacileyo emhlabeni esidulini ikhula phezu ebusuku, kukho kwakhona kuphela kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo kubomi beli esanyisayo ezidla - emasimini, esesiphelweni yehlathi. Kwamarhawu iyafumaneka kuphela apho kukho iimeko kakuhle ukuze abe sesi silima: kwemitholo kwaye umhlaba osisityebi nitrogen. Kulula ukuba ukubhabha ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya ibhabhathane, nto leyo, mhlawumbi, aya kuphila naphi, ukuhlangana ngokungqongqo elowo endaweni yayo: NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA emahlathini ezinde, Belyanko apho kukho abathile crucifers, njalo-njalo.

Apha siza ukuqwalaselwa ingcamango "sabantu". Inkcazo kunye iimpawu kulo ziboniswa apha ngezantsi. Siqala, Kakade, kunye ibalulekileyo - kunye nokuzimisela.

Ingcamango kunye neempawu oluntu

iziko labantu ezinoxinano naluphi na uhlobo, leyo sithatha ixesha elide, ngokuba abantu. osemqoka yalo ebaluleke kakhulu lumanyano yemfuza yaso: abantu abayinxalenye yeqela kwaye uhlala kufuphi omnye komnye, unako luzobe kaninzi ngaphezu abantu abangabakhe abantu ezahlukeneyo. Evolution kubalulekile, Kakade ke, kukuba lo utshintshiselwano ngolwazi yemfuza: enyanisweni inzala ukufumana isiqingatha zofuzo kumzali enye enesiqingatha - ukusuka kwenye. Ngoko ke, xa yokuhlanganisa eziliqela izizukulwana, iqela ngalinye angawodwa abantu kukuthi, njengokuba kunjalo inkqubo enkulu eyodwa ezithile iimpawu zamafa - mali yemfuza, okanye lezakhi.

Ukutshintshisana phakathi abantu ezingabamelwane

Xa abantu exchange phakathi abantu angabamelwane aluve enkulu ngokwendalo kwepesenti ezimbalwa kwisizukulwana ngasinye, ngoko ngokukhawuleza kakhulu la maqela mabini abe iimpawu ngokubanzi indlela elisetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo impahla yemfuza. Ukuba unaniso hayi ngaphezulu nje kwe nje abantu abambalwa amawaka nganye kwisizukulwana ngasinye, abemi nganye zezilwanyana okanye izityalo "igcina umbala wayo." Ngamanye amazwi, oko ngexesha inxalenye elifanayo kwinkqubo ye ezininzi abantu, ebizwa iimbono.

Umgama apho abantu ukuhamba

Ngoku kucaca ukuba kutheni na kubaluleke kangaka nje ukwazi kude kangakanani na ihamba ngokwenene izinto kwindalo kunye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kude indlela Ungasa yofuzo nodluliselo ukuba kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Ukuze ufumanise ukuba akukho ilula kakhulu; kuyimfuneko ukuba bamakishe, ukukhululwa kwaye kwakhona ukubamba iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana, ukujonga kude kangakanani ukuhamba ngokwenene umungu kwizityalo ezahlukeneyo bandlala imbewu yabo. Iziphumo zezi zifundo ubukhulu becala emangalisayo.

Range ze sisasazeke ntlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo

Yintoni indawo ukuthatha labantu? Le mizekelo ukuba siya kukunika lumelo olubonakalayo oku.

ezihlanu neebhokhwe zasendle ezilikhulu kuphela, ixhama abaleke ukuya kumgama km-10 ukusuka kwindawo yokuhlala esisigxina, kwaye uninzi bonke ubomi obanjelwe kummandla ububanzi of 3 km. North American deer ezimhlophe-ezinomsila , kakhulu, 5 kuphela% ngokhathalelo olukhethekileyo ubomi bawo kumgama km 10 kumgca othe ngqo, kwaye uninzi lwabantu (95% abantu) abahlala kummandla ububanzi of malunga elinye kunye nekhilomitha enesiqingatha. Kwaye ke Imivundla zasendle, kunye nomvundla yaseYurophu aziphathe kakhulu kunene ngathi njengexhama. oongqatyana Field kwi ubunzima akuthethi ukubhabha ebomini ngaphaya 400 m ukusuka kwisayithi ithegi. A enkulu American besikrekrethi amanzi muskrat ngoku yokugcwalisa amachibi ezifanelekileyo phantse yonke Northern Eurasia, ngaba andingekhe ndiwugqithe-1 km ukusuka kwindawo iilebhile, kunye uninzi nezilwanyana eziphilayo ubomi bakhe bonke kwisithuba owela ngaphakathi kwama-100 m.

Kwaye yintoni kule nkalo, inani lezityalo? Imizekelo ukusasazeka pollen ibonisa ukuba umgama wayo ayikho eyahlukileyo kakhulu kwezinye iintlobo. Oki pollen ehlathini, umzekelo, ithwalelwe ngumoya kuphela amakhulu ambalwa leemitha.

Champion andise umgama teals babephakathi izilwanyana. Kulebhelishwa England amantshontsho Okuluhlaza yaye yafezekiswa ngoko ngotyetyiso amawaka eekhilomitha ukusuka yentaka; kwi Kola Peninsula kunye kwiNgingqi Arkhangelsk, Iceland kunye Belarus.

indawo labantu

Konke oku kungentla amanani abonisa, ezinye indawo kungathatha inane iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, umgama elaneleyo kumaqela ezimelene zibe ngazodwa enye kwenye. bakuyo ezahlukeneyo nelinqa angaphila emile ezincinane entabeni kumgama kwamashumi yeekhilomitha, iqela oongqatyana kungenziwa akhiwe kweekhilomitha ezimbini kude enye kwenye, kodwa inane amadada, kuyabonakala ukuba, ibandakanya ummandla phantse lonke Europe. Hi ndlela leyi, ubukhulu enkulu yabantu kummandla amadada elungileyo elide mangaza izazinzulu zichaza inyani: ahluke hexa emangazayo, yaye phakathi kwabo, ngokungafaniyo ezininzi kwezinye iintaka, kunqabile ukwahlula iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela. Ngoku kwacaca ukuba zonke amadada olunye uhlobo ngamalungu omnye okanye kakhulu abemi ezimbalwa. Bahlale yendlela yokwenza omnye nomnye, ngoko lungenzeki akukho ukuqokelelana yemisebenzi emitsha ethile inxalenye uluhlu.

kubhuqwa

Ngoko ke, oko lubonakala ngokuba wedwa onamandla, kodwa hayi ngokupheleleyo ngabamelwane balo. Ngenxa yale alondolozwe kwaye igcinwe ukuba nentsusa lestokhwe yemfuza, nganye kuzo.

Olunye uphawu ebalulekileyo labemi - inombolo, okt inani labantu alo. Bangaphi abantu ebandakanyiweyo kuwo? Lo mbuzo kunzima ukuphendula eziqhitsini, ukususela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana nezityalo linani ezahlukeneyo. In nezinambuzane - ezifana neengcongconi - kubemi omnye kuquka izigidi zabantu ngabanye. Inani labemi kweentlobo enye oohlabamanzi edikeni apho kufuphi nedolophu Orekhovo-Zuevo e Moscow - abantu abangama-30 amawaka, yaye inani amaqela eziliqela malovane e Kazakhstan wayevela nekhulu ambalwa kubantu abambalwa. Kodwa data ezinjalo zinqabile, yaye izazinzulu musa ebengekamazi ncam into inane nkqu ezi ntlobo zixhaphakileyo.

ukukhangela ubungakanani bengxaki

Namhlanje, le ngxaki Uyekile ukwenza kuphela kuphela. Ukugcina naluphi na uhlobo kubalulekile ukwazi ubuncinane benani labantu, apho unako ukufumana khona ixesha elide. Ukwenza kucace ukubaluleka kwale ngxaki, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukongeza ukuba inani labantu isoloko semouse kubemi: izihlandlo ezimbalwa, ngamanye amaxesha ngamakhulu, kwaye maxa wambi amawaka amaxesha. Inani labemi kwezilwanyana ezinkulu, ngokomlinganiselo, eziquka abantu ngaphantsi kwe kwekhulu ambalwa, akakwazi akhona elide ngokwaneleyo. ubukhulu encinane yeqela kungekudala - nje ngenxa ukungalingani nelingenakutsitywa amanani, ngengozi - kungancitshiswa ku nothi.

Ngenxa yokuba ubukho okuqhubekayo kwamanani ezincinane phantse akunakwenzeka, izazinzulu ezininzi skeptical koku, obunjengenye qwenge iliso njenge "ukufunyanwa" ye Scottish Inkanyamba izirhubuluzi eziliqela kokubhalwa kwembali. Bonke ndiyingwenya ezimbalwa unyamalale elide ukusukela.

Evolution sabantu

Ezi banda zisenokuba ongafiyo, ukuba khona nje akukho izakulahleka iimeko tye kubo. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, na, nokuba iimeko kakhulu, la maqela ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha abe utshintsho kancinci. Ngamanye amazwi, nasekusungulweni labemi.

ukuguquka New ngokwendalo kuvela rhoqo, nangona isantya yale nkqubo iphantsi kakhulu. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, solo ukutshintsha zofuzo yabemi. Kakade ke, ukuguquka, nkqu abalishumi ungayitshintshi. Noko ke, bandisa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana, hayi kuye kuboniswe kulo okanye indibanisela nethuku yabazali. Ukuba le ndibanisela yimpumelelo, ngoko emva kokuba isizukulwana okanye abantu ababini bekuya kuba kweli qela baninzi, ngenxa ezakutshintsha kakhulu ukwakhiwa yemfuza lwabemi. Imveliso ye kuguquka ethile kwibala yendaleko - isiganeko ebaluleke kakhulu ebomini bam njengeqela, yaye yonke iintlobo. Yeyona linyathelo incinane yokuzivelela, kodwa amanyathelo kwaye iphuhlise inkqubo yonke grand ngamabonandenzile.

Ngoko ke, siye sithethe umxholo othi "Population". Inkcazo, imizekelo kunye neempawu kuwo thaca kweli nqaku. Siyathemba ukuba eli lwazi luluncedo kuwe.