Comanche - amaNdiya amathafa yaseMelika. History neefoto

Ngubani ebuntwaneni zange kuthabatheka ukufunda imisebenzi F. Cooper, Reid kunye nabanye ababhali neenoveli ogama zazala adventures umdla, amaqhawe okwaba blednolitsye boyisa of the Wild West kunye amaIndiya ukusingatha enkangala. и, получили известность, как наиболее яркие представители этого уникального этноса. Abanye babo - Comanche (amaIndiya), ogama imbali uneminyaka engaphezu kwe-170 ubudala kunxulumene kumzabalazo engapheliyo nxamnye ngokuya kubo kunye nempucuko, yaye yaziwa ngokuba abameli ezininzi okhanyayo eli qela ikhethekileyo uhlanga.

Afikayo of the Rocky Mountains

Comanche - amaNdiya aba abemi yokuqala kwilizwekazi North American. imvelaphi yabo Wothabatha iqela esemazantsi Shoshone - kwiintlanga abahlala kanye kwinxalenye esempuma zemeko yangoku Wyoming. Kujongwa ngexesha elinye emhlabeni elide ukuba, namhlanje, ikakhulu kwi kummandla Oklahoma.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngenkulungwane XVII-XVIII, isiphumo esebenzayo amazwe Americas ngabantu baseYurophu waba ukubana izizwe Comanche ukusuka eentaba esempuma Rocky Mountains (ngoku inxalenye yasentshona eUnited States Canada) ukuya kweenxweme North Platte River, ayahamba na imimandla ye-mihla States of Nebraska, Wyoming kunye Colorado.

Malunga neli xesha, i Comanche wafunda ukusebenzisa amahashe zokukhwela, kwaye ubukhulu becala eyabashukumisela ukuba phezulu nokuhlaliswa. Ngokutsho kwezinye data, ngokwenani lezizwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX yafikelela 10-12 amawaka. Man.

Abantu ukulungele ukulwa

Kangangexesha elide, izazinzulu ayikwazanga afikelele kwisivumelwano malunga ngemvelaphi yegama wesizwe Comanche. Kule ndaba kukho izimvo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa yeyona ixhaphakileyo apho kukuqinisekisa ukuba lithatyathwe kwigama Uto-Aztec "Komantsev", bona bubonakala "iintshaba" okanye, ukuba ngqo ngakumbi - "Lowo njalo elungele ukulwa nam. "

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ke, ukuba ubde bexesha Utah okhethwe ngokubanzi bonke abamelwane, kunye nabo ke impi. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho Kiowa, Cheyenne, izizwe Arapaho kunye nezinye abemi enkangala. Kodwa, ngokwembali, elinye iqela zazo eziphambili ezazisasebenza Comanche - amaNdiya, ukwandisa ubunini ngoku ekuthatheni kumazwe asemzini.

Iinyoka, njengezinambuzane phezu umzila yakhe

Akumangalisi ke, ukuba kumathafa kumazantsi, phakathi kwabanye abemi zabo, badla wabhekisela Comanche "ziinyoka." Enye yezinto yangoku yeenkokeli - Quanah Parker, kukhokelela ekubeni ingcaciso yale ilejendi yakudala, leyo isixelela indlela ngenye imini ngemihla yamandulo abantu bakhe baya kufuna kwamabala lokuzingela entsha. Kwenzeka ukuba indlela ukufuduka yabo yabonakala Ridge, ekufuneka hamba, kodwa uninzi amaNdiya bakufumanisa kububulumko ukuba babuye umva, kuba bekukholeleka ukuba bonke abantu baya kuba nako ukuthumela imithwalo a ukwenyuka elide.

Kwiindibano zebhunga tribal ngoko inkokeli babakhalimela wobu- ndyoka christened, babuyela emva kwi trail yakhe. Xa olunye uhlobo lwale amaNdiya kwanyanzeleka ukuba babuye umva iingcuka ezininzi wahlala kuloo ndawo. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, isiteketiso wahlala uhleli, nokuba ukhe ethathwa ziintshaba ezininzi Comanche.

impi banekhono

Kukho uluvo lokuba, phakathi kwezinye izizwe Indian ukuba belimiwe nakummandla kumathafa osemazantsi kwayo, Comanches ezininzi imfazwe nabo ngqo. Ukususela imbonakalo yawo kula mazwe, ukuba rhoqo abalwayo njengoko Redskins kunye namanye amabanjwa kunye asakhulayo njengabaphambukeli kamva kuba luthuthu phantsi.

Nje kwenzeka Comanche wehla waya embalini njengoko evunywe amasoldati Southern Amathafa, ixesha elide ndikhwankqiswe bonke abahla- nabuganga ukuhlala emasimini abo. Zizelwe kahle ukukhwela ihashe, kungekudala sinokufikelela isakhono sakhe angaqhelekanga. Njengoko ngokukhawuleza Indians baye bafunda ukusebenzisa bawa ezandleni zabo French imipu, ejolise kwaye ukulayisha ngesantya olungaqhelekanga ngokuchanekileyo.

Ukususela iinkumbulo igosa lomkhosi

Igosa US Army Richard Dodge, yathabatha inxaxheba ngokubonakalayo Iimfazwe Indian Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX, xa yakhe, wazibiza "yiSparta mihla." umbhali ubhala malunga Comanche wamaNdiya, bona zange zanikezelwa yaye igcinwe ubukho engqondweni de ukufa kwakhe. Kunjalo ngomlinganiselo ngokupheleleyo, wathi, kunye nabafazi. Kwi-Southern Amathafa aba ezibomvu kuphela Comanche isizwe, wakwazi ukuxhathisa ukwandiswa bamathanga amhlophe phantse 170 iminyaka.

Okulandelayo uRichard Dodge ubhala athi, wakhetha ukufa nasekuthinjweni, i Comanches ngokwabo akazange amabanjwa abo balwa. Ngaphandle kwenziwa kuphela kwabasetyhini kunye nabantwana. Kwaye ukuba umntwana nangoku yobudala ezincinane kakhulu, ngoko kusithimba lamkele njengegorha, yaye, ukhule kwintsapho entsha, waqala ukuba siqwalasele ukumnqula ngokufezekileyo uNdikhoyo njengoyise. Inani le esezikhulile abathinjwa kwaye emiselwe ubume ilungu wesizwe kwaye liziphakamisa iinkonzo zakhe edabini.

Ngokutsho abaninzi abaye wancokola abemi Southern Amathafa Redskins, Comanche - amaNdiya okulwa, hayi ngaphandle izakhono ngexesha ishishini esifanayo. Umzekelo i ngokubanzi zenzeka horse-urhwebo, kuba ngelo xesha iindlela eziphambili zokuhamba. Kubalulekile ngokukodwa ukuphawula, njengoko amaNdiya ngokwabo kakuhle ukuzala kamva ngaphezu kwezinye iintlanga ezininzi.

Abstainers Wild West

Enye inkalo ye Comanche yi ukulahlwa kwabo categorical zokusetyenziswa utywala. Enyanisweni Historical - ephula Isithintelo lifike ukuba zolwaphulo kakhulu kakhulu, kwaye onetyala zixhomekeke isohlwayo engqongqo, ukuba agxothwe. Abameli bezinye izizwe abazimisele ukuba bathenge kubazalwana paleface "amanzi umlilo", nje yanto.

Kulo mba, umbuzo TV quiz ezaziwayo-kakuhle: "Ukususela oko ukugula Comanche AmaNdiya wasebenzisa tincture of cactus?" Cebisa impendulo - ibhabhalaza, yenza akukho ingqiqo kwaye yeyela kudidi yeentsomi. Teetotaler, njengokuba usazi, ibhabhalaza akukho ezisengozini.

izizwe Five ezizimeleyo Comanche

Xa isakhiwo sayo Comanche - amaNdiya, imele akukho abantu abangatshatanga, kodwa i nobuninzi eyahlukileyo, elizimeleyo ngasinye kwezinye izizwe, iyileyo ibe zoluntu eziliqela. zemfundo tribal ezona zininzi kuphela igama layo esisigxina, baze ngaloo ndlela zilondolozwe kumaphepha imbali.

Ekupheleni amazwe Spanish ngenkulungwane XVIII le yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye New Mexico, ngokuqhelekileyo wazicanda, ngokungqinelana kunye neendawo abahlala ibe amasebe ezizimeleyo amathathu - ubukumkani basemzantsi, esemantla central. Ngokubanzi, abaphengululi ukuchonga izizwe ezintlanu ezinkulu eyayihlala kummandla South kumaThafa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX kunye ababekweli penatekov, kotsotekov, nokoni, yamparikov kunye kvahadi. Kuya kuba umdla kakhulu ukuba ahlale phezu nganye yezi zizwe.

Kwi i "wowadlayo ubusi"

Igama lokuqala kula maqela - penateki - iguqulelwe kolunye ulwimi lwabo lweenkobe njenge "ubusi-izidla." Namhlanje kunzima ukutsho, wengxaki predilections zabo zakwantu, okanye mayidityaniswe kulo isikweko enkondlo. Le isizwe kwaziwa ukuba i zininzi kakhulu kubantu bonke abanye, kwaye yokuqala adibene bamathanga ezimhlophe.

Indlela ukuxelela ngokwabo penateki, wazalwa amaxesha yokuqala wooyise, kufudukela ngapha babeziindleko enkangala, ndandide ngasezantsi eye ukususela ezilahlekileyo kwebala kunye nabanye Comanches. Hi ndlela leyi, igama wabo ibala abayibo- - kwinkulungwane XIX, nangona ukuzimela zayo ezinkulu; ngenkuthalo yanceda i-US Army ukuze alwe imfazwe nxamnye abamelwane babo.

Fans bison kunye nabamelwane babo wakhathazeka

Okulandelayo kuluhlu enikwe ngasentla konsoteki. Mu kuya kwa nshita sweet izinyo-penatekov, aba "izidla inyathi", ngoko, ubuncinane, eliguqulelwe igama qu. Ezi Gourmet nto ingako. Ifudusiwe kuphela data ukuba baphila phakathi imifula iRed River kunye Rio Pecos, kunye nenani labo wafika 7-8 amawaka. Man.

abamelwane babo abasenyongweni na isizwe amaNdiya nokoni. Kwi iilwimi Uto-Aztecan lithetha "abo uvule". Amalungu Igama wesizwe leyo kakhulu lilungisa, kuba basoloko bedinga kunye, njengako konke abo baye Ndabenza hlukile lomntu noko amnye ebantwini kakhulu. Ngelo xesha, ke irhuluneli New Mexico, wabhala ukuba bakwazi ukuhlangabezana, mhlawumbi kwindawo phakathi imilambo Arkansas kunye iRed River, kwaye ukuba isebe engundoqo ye-Comanche yasekuhlaleni.

nezinye izizwe ezibini ezinxulumene

Malunga isizwe yampariki (izidla Yampa River) Kwakhona uxelele kancinci. Babehlala kunxweme lomlambo wathi, nabo bonke Comanche amaNdiya le ndlu angama ubutshantliziyo eyaba isizathu iimfazwe zabo rhoqo nabanye.

Ke ekugqibeleni, owokugqibela kula maqela - kvahadi. Lo gama eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "neula", waza wanikwa kwenzeka, kuba nesizwe babebhadula kumathafa enkulu, indawo yokuhlala oluthandayo yezi zilwanyana.

Umfanekiso kwamaNdiya inkcubeko ethandwayo mihla

Njengoko ixesha le-Wild West American Indians abemi balo zange kuhla ukusuka kumaphepha kweenoveli ezintsha. Abalinganiswa babo rhoqo Apache, amaNdiya, magikane kunye, Kakade ke, lo Comanches. AmaNdiya - kukwayinto entle isethi abalinganiswa bhanya ezintsha. Phakathi kwabo wema waza wazuza ithandwa kakhulu uhlobo ethile - entshonalanga, kuquka amabali, apho bangabathathi-nxaxheba ebalulekileyo a cowboy kunye nabemi amaNdiya amathafa anengca zasendle. Idumileyo ngexesha lakhe bathenga movie malunga amaNdiya - "Comanche Moon," "Chingachgook - The Great Inyoka", "Gold Mackenna kaThixo" kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Lamagorha bamaxesha ezidlulileyo

photo Original Comanche amaNdiya, mazifakwe kwinqaku, wenza becala kwinkulungwane XIX kade, kwaye ezi Melika kwindawo yazo yendalo. Namhlanje ingafunyanwa kwinzala abanini yangaphambili enkangala, njengoko kuchaziwe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku, kuloo mmandla kaRhulumente ka-Oklahoma, apho ezinza ezimiselwe ngokukodwa kubo umlinganiselo. Abo babengakwazi okanye hayi ukuba ziziqhelanise nemiqathango impucuko yanamhlanje basalise indlela endala yobomi kwaye zenzi imali okulungileyo abe yinxalenye kushishino lwezokhenketho.