Umsebenzi omkhulu wamajoni ukususela leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, leyo wangena yemihla yembali phantsi kwegama "laseVerdun inyama sokuhluza", yaba isiganeko yokuqala ebalulekileyo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Idabi kwenzeka phakathi imikhosi yaseJamani kwaye French kwi-Western Front kwiinyanga ezilishumi. Noko ke, nangona inani elikhulu iingxaki kumacala omabini, France ikwazile akhusele inkululeko yawo. Endle yokulwa kugqitywe njengoko kanye bayahlelwa lizwe kunye isidima sayo sobummandla. mbali waseBritani Alistair kaHori wabhala kulo mlo efana nale: "Akuzange ngaphambili, akukho namnye nabathetheli strategists wayengalindelanga ukuba luloyiso ngokubamba ukopha obulalayo. Olo umbono ethule nje uhlobo ekhohlaleleyo leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, xa iinkokheli lukhuni ngokupheleleyo wajonga ubomi babantu kanye kwezinye units. "
Strategy German for 1916
Uloyiso kwiminyaka edlulileyo banikwa eJamani imali eninzi. Ngaphakathi lizwe, abantu baba yindlala, kodwa ke umkhosi abagcina ukutyalwa ezimbalwa. Resources kwakushokoxekile kunye nebhunga zomkhosi ichonge iingxaki ezintathu ingasombululwa. Babexhalabile Ababandezeli zintathu ezona unamandla, eRashiya, iBritani kunye neFransi. Kuba isigebenga yaseYurophu kwagqitywa ukuxhasa mbuso. Ngelo nangoko Alexander Gelfand wafumana engange million 1. England wagqiba ukuba atshitshise kuhlaselo ngwenya mda. Ngokubhekiselele eFransi, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukufumana indawo nathembisayo kumnombo ukutyalwa amajoni baze balazise nhlanganiso. Le nxalenye eyafunyanwa ngohlobo Buze encinane kufuphi laseVerdun. Ukuphumelela esi sicatshulwa evulekileyo enikwe kulo eParis kunye uzinikele kwe-French amajoni. Uphuhliso ngakumbi le meko balandela abanobuchule - kwemfazwe laseVerdun.
Ukulungiselela ukulwa
Ngomhla inxalenye ubude phambi kweekhilomitha 15 kwicala elinye kukho izahlulo ezibini amabutho baseFransi. Germany zingeniswe kubo ezintandathu kunye nesiqingatha ngokwezahlulo zabo kwaye phantse onke amandla zokudubula. Ngaloo idabi German elalibalwa ukubonelela eqhubekayo kunye uhlaselo ezilandelayo. Battle of laseVerdun waqalisa nesibakala sokuba wezulu lalungiswa ngokupheleleyo ukusuka moya isiFrentshi ekuhlaseleni German nga ngokukhululekileyo ngokulula ukwenza iqhinga. Oko kukuthi, xa kanye ekuqaleni kweli phulo kugqitywe enye yeengxaki yenkqubo - yokwanda elibala. German spotters umlilo benza konke okusemandleni abo. Ngendlela, kufuneka wathi butho French "Nieuport" wakwazi inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo iimfazwe ngoMeyi. Ngoko ke waqalisa kwemfazwe laseVerdun.
Ukuqaleka kwayo emfazweni kufutshane kwindawo enqatyisiweyo laseVerdun
Njengoko kucacile ukusuka uqeqesho, "laseVerdun inyama sokuhluza 'ukuba igqitywa umyalelo waseJamani ekuqaleni. Ngentsasa elandelayo, amaJamani baqalisa ukulungiselela zokudubula, eyathatha iiyure 8 emva kokuba imikhosi yaseJamani wahamba lohlaselo kwesinye amacandelo ngaphambili - emlanjeni Meuse. Kodwa apho ke walinda ukuxhathisa ilukhuni French. AmaJamani babenyuka nomkhosi wempi tight apho amaqela athile kuye kwasekwa a ezintlu enye. Ukuqhubela phambili Scouts kunye nohlaselo zokucima, kwangulamntu sokuqhumisa lwesamente, imipu umatshini kunye flamethrower. Ngoko ke, i "laseVerdun inyama sokuhluza 'ngosuku lokuqala yabalasela kwangaphambili kokuba imikhosi yaseJamani kwi ngeekhilomitha emibini ukuya ngasemva umsebenzi French kunye nesikhundla yokuqala.
Februwari-Matshi 1916
The French akazange alindele impembelelo enamandla enjalo. Kwaba kuphela emva kosuku lokuqala baqalisa ukubamba ukuya laseVerdun iiyunithi ezongezelelweyo emkhosini. Ukongeza, babala kwinkxaso eNgilani. Kodwa North Albion ngoko balwa ubande, kwaye ingakumbi ngokukhawuleza ukunceda namahlakani. AmaJamani abakhange amacebo watshintsha kwimihla ezayo ukususela kusasa kwada kwahlwa asebenza zokudubula, indawo processing, nobusuku wathabatha elihamba. Zonke iinqaba French zalahleka emva kweentsuku 4. I Sukwenza umyalelo French, nangona kamva wakhala-, lithathe amanyathelo: iimoto saya amanye amacandelo iiyunithi zomkhosi eziphambili mali ka-190 lamawaka amajoni kunye neetoni 25 imithwalo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuhlasela waseJamani yamiswa usecicini lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu (1.5). LaseVerdun idabi wazuza ixesha elide.
Lake naroch nokuhlasela Russian
Ukuma French abantu wakhululeka edikeni naroch Russian ekhubekisayo. Ngesicelo umphathi-French kwiqondo oyintloko Joffre Russian yaphatha yeyantlukwano. Ngomhla kummandla lommandla Belarus, Minsk mihla - malunga Lake Naroch - iintsuku ezimbini neziqhushumbisi eentloko ezaxhobela German kwaqhubeka. Yintoni eyalandela zachithwa ukuhlaselwa nomkhosi zafumba akuyona ukuzidambisa amabutho yaseJamani. Ngeli xesha, inxalenye ngaphambili wafuduselwa imikhosi ezongezelelweyo, kwaye ekhubekisayo Russian iye kwawona. Kodwa isiphumo efunekayo sele ifunyenwe - laseVerdun ukuhlasela wayeka iiveki ezimbini, yaye French bakwazi ukunikezela "angasemva".
Le mpi yaqhubeka
The French bakwazi ukuyila i "indlela engcwele" kunye apho unikezelo olunzulu amabutho ayo. Umsebenzi ilibazisekile ngokucacileyo. AmaJamani awuyitshintshanga le Amaqhinga Matshi yokuhlasela zazo eziphambili sibhekiswe kodonga lasekhohlo lomlambo Meuse. Kodwa, naphezu kwayo yonke imigudu imikhosi yaseJamani, ngoMeyi bakwazi phambili kweekilometa eziyi-6 kuphela. Kwakhona, lo mphathi omtsha Robert Nivelle wamiselwa ngoMeyi, apho wazama ukuba ukuhlela ekhubekisayo, kodwa yonke imizamo ukuze baphinde babe Fort Duamon zaye zincitshiswe amaJamani, ngoko ke umkhosi French washiywa ngokupheleleyo kwizikhundla zabo zangaphambili.
Brusilov ekhubekisayo kunye imeko yokugqibela laseVerdun
7 Juni amaJamani wahlaselwa ezinqabileyo, wayithimba ngayo, phambili 1 ngekhilomitha waya kummandla isiFrentshi. Lohlaselo ungandiswa, kodwa ehlotyeni ka 1916, imikhosi Russian uye walungiselela isimanga engalindelekanga umkhosi waseJamani lasungula ekhubekisayo enkulu Lutsk. Gcina yokuhlasela akwenzeki. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa lonke ihlobo, amajoni isiJamani ziyalelwe ukuba eMpuma Front, kunye nezenzo laseVerdun liyancitshiswa kakhulu. Ukongeza, ngokuchaseneyo kwiphulo komnyaka, amajoni Russian woyisa umlo wokwenene ahlala East Compostela kunye Bukovina. Ukongeza, umsebenzi ebizwa "Brusilov idabi" yaba uhlobo entsha ngokupheleleyo amanyathelo ekhubekisayo. imikhosi isiJamani buthathaka kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba aye kwi Front Koloni ukuzithethelela. Ngo-Oktobha, umkhosi French lasungula inkqubo ekhubekisayo ecacileyo, ngoxa ngoDisemba sibuyele endaweni yaso, leyo ekuqalekeni edabini. "LaseVerdun inyama sokuhluza 'uphele.
Iziphumo kunye nokubaluleka Battle of laseVerdun
Akukho njongo zesicwangciso-qhinga yaye Committe, "laseVerdun inyama sokuhluza 'ka-1916 abazange ukusombulula: imikhosi French wema endaweni yazo efanayo. Kodwa ke, ukuba abale ilahleko, Idabi laseVerdun liye ngaphaya zonke izinto ezilindelweyo. Omabini la macala abalahlekelwe amajoni ngaphezu kwesigidi esi-1, apho malunga ne-430,000 ababulawa. LaseVerdun 1916 avule ixesha iimfazwe zenkohlakalo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kodwa iziphumo kunjalo ngelo laseVerdun ingqubekile isicwangciso qhinga yiJamani. Kususela kuloo mzuzu-mbali zomkhosi qaphela isakhono ngokuya Jamani imfazwe. Qaphela ukuba kweli dabi laseVerdun zaye kuqala kusetyenziswa oonokrwece imichiza, imipu umatshini ukukhanya, kwibutho kunye sokuqhumisa umpu. Kwakhona ngokutsha kuqala yavavanywa imikhosi ngu indlela yothutho okubangelwa ngamaqela ukubetha, kwenyusa lexinene ukusetyenziswa kweziqhushumbisi, kusetyenziswa amanyathelo moya ukuhlasela.