Clock Astronomical. iyure Astronomical - oku kangakanani?

Ixesha - enye macandelo zinzima-to-ukuqonda zefilosofi physics. Indlela elula bakuchaza ibe ngumqathango oyimfuneko ukuba kunokwenzeka naluphi na utshintsho. Abantu sele ekuqaleni kwembali yayo, sayibona imfuneko ukufumanisa thile ekuhambeni kwexesha. Okokuqala, ukulinganisa a kumathuba enkulu ngokwaneleyo: nyaka, ngenyanga, ngosuku. Lahla ngu drop, ngabantu bebaleka isaziso ukuphuma kwelanga, nangamaxesha ukutshintsha, ukwaluphala zabo. Ngcembe phendla imfuneko ukuchaza ngaphezulu ixesha elifutshane. Kukho iiyure, imizuzu, imizuzwana. Ngenxa yokwanda ukuntsonkotha ezenziwa ngabantu kunye neendlela lemigangatho yokulinganisa ixesha. isithuba nganye waqala ukufumana ixabiso yechaneke ngaphezulu. Naziphi imizuzwana atomic zexeshana, iyure ngeenkwenkwezi ( "Le kangakanani?" -. Wena cela uphendule ngezantsi). Namhlanje, ingqwalasela yethu yure, adla ngokusetyenziswa kwiyunithi kubomi bemihla ngemihla ixesha, kwakunye iiwotshi, ngaphandle apho kunzima ukucinga ihlabathi lanamhlanje.

A incinane

Kulula ukuba baphawule ukuba vremyaischislenie eyahlukileyo kuyaphi indlela yokuthatha akhawunti namhlanje. Oku kusekelwe kwinkqubo duodecimal, eyasetyenziswa kwi Sumerians kumaxesha amandulo. Ngokwahlulwa iiyure zibe imizuzu kwaye iingcambu zawo nzulu maxesha. Oku kusekelwe sexagesimal kwinkqubo inani, nayo yasungulwa kwintili iTigrisi umEfrate.

Yahlula ngosuku lokuqala iiyure eziyi-24 baba amaYiputa. ke ilixa ubude ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeka kwixesha lonyaka kwakunye nokuba ngeyabo ubusuku nemini. AmaYiputa namaBhabhiloni wabahlula suku kubini ngokulinganayo. Imini nobusuku, ukuba umdaka kwaye emini, kuquka iiyure ezili-12. Ngako oko, ubude yeyure kuhluka kwesiqingatha ngasinye, kuxhomekeka kwixesha lonyaka.

iinkqubo ezifanayo zikhona eGrisi neRoma. KumaXesha Aphakathi eYurophu ziye zohlulwa ziinkonzo ngemini zecawa.

Igama elithi "ilixa" yavela ukusetyenziswa yamaGrike. Ubude ezahlukeneyo ngamathuba ixesha agcinwe ehlabathini elide ngokwaneleyo. Kwilizwe lethu, kwi XVI-XVII iinkulungwane ixesha yeyure yaba rhoqo kodwa azifani inani leeyure emini nasebusuku kuxhomekeka kwixesha lonyaka. ERashiya, ixesha yokulinganisa ifana eYurophu waqalisa emva 1722.

iyure Astronomical - oku kangakanani?

Igama elithi "ilixa" lidla ngokusetyenziswa ukuba ityumbe ngamaxesha ezahlukeneyo ubude bexesha kufuphi engama-60. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba, umzekelo, phantsi okanye ekhaya. Ekubhekiselwe zale izinto ezifanayo lwamathuba ixesha unokuthatha kwimizuzu 60 njengesiqhelo, kancinane ngaphantsi okanye kancinci ngaphezulu okanye atyumbe akukho umsantsa, nexesha elithile le imini, emva koko kufuneka izaliswe inkqubo enye kwaye uqale entsha.

A iyure ngeenkwenkwezi - oku imizuzu ezininzi kangakanani? Eli gama libhekisela ixesha lokuphumla umgangatho ixesha eliqingqiweyo. Kwangelo lixa ngeenkwenkwezi yimizuzu engama-60, okanye 3600, yaye ngokufuthi kuthiwa "ilixa". Le yunithi xesha na inxalenye yenkqubo metric mihla SI (System International leeyunithi izinto eziphathekayo). Esinye sezizathu - Live asisiso iyure eqhelekileyo namhlanje lokugqibela. Noko ke, lisetyenziswa lonke ihlabathi kunye nokwamkelwa kweeyunithi SI.

isifundo elide kangakanani?

iyure Academic kunye ngeenkwenkwezi - iingqiqo ezahlukeneyo. Igama lokuqala imela ixesha lekhefu apho isifundo yokugqibela. ixabiso layo kuyahluka kumaqela ahlukeneyo ubudala. Xa sisebenza kunye nabantwana emiyezweni ootitshala kunciphise ixesha kwiiyure emfundo ukuba imizuzu 20-30 ngonyaka ngaphambi ukukhulula ngamanye amaxesha kwandisa ukuba imizuzu engama-40. Kwizikolo, izifundo kuba imizuzu 40-45, isibini kwiyunivesithi - 90 imiz. Isizathu sokuba mahluko - in ubuchule ingqondo. Nobudala, kwenyusa. Ukuba ufake iklasi abancinane imizuzu engama-45, yaye esikolweni - kwi-90, abafundi baya kuba udinwe kakhulu kwaye kunzima ukukhumbula uze bafunde izinto mali efunekayo.

Ndiyilinganisele imizuzu

zethu ngexesha neengqondo enxulumene nkcakasana indlela apho siyaqaphela ukusebenza. Watches ngelo xesha, xa abantu yokuqala imfuneko ukulinganisa thile amathuba imihla emifutshane. Umhla ngqo kwazo ngoku akunakwenzeka ukuba ukwazi - kudala ke. Iikopi lokuqala ixesha Wayilinganisa, ukuphawula intshukumo kwelanga ngapha isibhakabhaka, kwaye ngoncedo amanzi aphilileyo. Kwakhona, njengoko sisiseko iiyure esizisebenzisayo zesanti nomlilo.

Lokuphucula ulwazi ukunyusa isantya ubomi efunekayo yoyilo yechaneke ngaphezulu. Sand, umlilo, kunye namanzi iwotshi zaye zagqitywa kwaye baba nobunzima kakhulu, ngoko ke endaweni iimitha ixesha ngoomatshini.

Gears, entwasahlobo kuqala

Le wotshi yokuqala ngomatshini zafunyanwa komile kufutshane nesiqithi Antikythera. Baya asusela 100 BC. iwotshi Antikythera ngeenkwenkwezi iyodwa: bane isakhiwo kunokuba entsonkothileyo yaye akukho analogs kwi inkcubeko yamaGrike. Indlela njengako emifanekisweni eziliqela kwenziwa ibe amagiya-32. Le wotshi wabonisa iintsuku shift, intshukumo ilanga nenyanga. Kwi kwisitupu ebonisa iimpawu ezulu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uyilo wakwazi ukuba balingise intshukumo kunye bhakabhaka Venus, Mars, Mercury noJupiter.

Clock ne mechanism escapement kuqala kuqaliswa China ngonyaka 725. Kamva, ngowe-1000, iJamani waqalisa ukusebenzisa pendulum. Clock tower kuqala e Western eYurophu zakhiwa Vestmintere ngo-1288.

IiNdlela yokulinganisa ixesha baba ngakumbi yechaneke ngaphezulu. imveliso yawo kwakufuneka ubugcisa omkhulu. KumaXesha Aphakathi kunye Renaissance eYurophu ubuhle kakhulu okuphawulekayo kunye nezo kwewotshi ngeenkwenkwezi ukuba namhlanje ihlabathi liphela bayazithanda.

A wobugcisa evela Lyon

Omdala ukusebenza wotshi ngeenkwenkwezi eFransi ayivathise Cathedral Saint-Jean (Lyon). Lokudalwa ngenkulungwane XIV, wabatshabalalisa yaye emva koko zibuyiselwe ukususela 1572 ukuya 1600, ezihonjiswe yobuciko-uhlobo umhombiso ngo-1655. Ekuqaleni, njengazo zonke imilindo eli xesha, ukuba ifakwe ngku kuphela. INGCACISO socofo ifakwe kuphela kwinkulungwane XVIII.

Ukongeza exesheni, ujonge clock ngeenkwenkwezi ka Lyon, umntu angasifumani umhla, indawo esibhakabhakeni yeenkwenkwezi ezimbini, inyanga kunye ilanga. Indlela kwakhona ibonisa xa isixeko wayibuyisa iinkwenkwezi ezikhanya. Ebudeni bemini iiyure ibethe izihlandlo ezine (12, 14, 15, 16 h.). Xa nakumphezulu isakhiwo indawo pupae, leyo aqalile ukuhamba ngexesha yokhaliso.

Prague ukuziqhenya

Astronomical clock clock ngeenkwenkwezi kubekwe phezu kwenqaba Hall Idolophu e Prague, edume ehlabathini lonke. imbali yabo kuthiwe ephawulekayo. Orla yasekwa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-600 eyadlulayo, ngo-1402, uhola kancinci kamva - ngo-1410-m. iiyure "Ootata" zithathwa ukuba abe ngeenkwenkwezi Jan Schindel kunye inkosi Mikulas of Kadan.

dolophu iholo umhombiso izihlandlo eziliqela kwafuneka zizakulungiswa. Ngowe-1490, Hanus of Rouge wenza utshintsho indlela, yaye ngokutsho legend, wabethwa ngokomyalelo abasemagunyeni Prague ukuba kumiswe ayikwazanga kuphindwa kwakhona. Ngelo xesha linye iwotshi ihonjiswe kunye amanani yimizekeliso kwaye axhotyiswe adume ngazo kwikhalenda.

utshintsho design entsha ebalulekileyo kwenzeka ngo-1865. Ke Yozef manęs wongeze Orloj ikhalenda socofo kunye medallions Zazihonjiswe ngemifanekiso esingumqondiso iinyanga, iimpawu ezulu. The Golden Cockerel, evela emva kokugqitywa intshukumo amanani avele kwi-wotshi ngo-1882.

Orloj namhlanje

Prague clock bawabulala hayi nje kuphela ngenxa yobuhle bayo, kodwa ke virtuosity umsebenzi iinkosi. Orloj ubonisa Old Bohemian, eBhabhiloni, esineenkwenkwezi, Italian kunye, Kakade ke, ixesha 'real ". Kuba iiyure ungabona umhla, indawo yoMhlaba kunye nemiqondiso ezulu. Bakuphawula abanikaziyo Empumalanga kwelanga, inyanga. Yonke iyure, imifanekiso, ubuciko Orloj, uqale ukususa, bethetha izinto ezimbi zabantu, sifunda ongunaphakade.

Clock eStrasbourg Cathedral

Astronomical Clock eStrasbourg Cathedral zaye ekugqibeleni zigqityiwe ngo-1857. langaphambili ziye zasekwa ngo-1354 no-1574, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Ukohluka iiyure - ukukwazi kwabo ukubala umhla ngokudlula leeholide zonqulo, kwakunye indlela ebonisa precession of ongu Yomhlaba. It ozalisa kujikelezo ngokupheleleyo abangaphezu kwe-25 iminyaka eliwaka. EStrasbourg clock ibonisa ixesha zasekuhlaleni ilanga, ukujikeleza koMhlaba, inyanga kunye iiplanethi ukusuka Mercury esinguSaturn.

Olu ayilo luhlu olupheleleyo ngemisebenzi ukuba bahombise izixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo ehlabathini lonke. Nkqu ngeenkwenkwezi iyure-1 (enye efanayo ukuba imizuzu engama-60) oko ukulungiselela inkcazelo zonke iinkcukacha kunye namalungiselelo kwezihombo indalo elo. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuyomfuneko - yobuciko enjalo Ziqulethe ngxubevange ulwazi, izakhono, ubalo zemathematika kunye nenkuthazo, akukho ngcono ukubona ngamehlo am.