Chemical neempawu zomzimba zemathiriyeli

Namhlanje, kukho malunga 2.5 yezigidi abantu iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo, bobabini yendalo kwaye zamntu kuhlelwe ngumntu. Bonke ezahlukeneyo kakhulu, abanye babo - nxaxheba ezibalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji zenzeka eziphilayo. Zihlanganisi kwahluka enye kwenye iimpawu izinto. Nokubalulwa yintoni na kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukuchonga ikhemikali molecule ethile, ezichazwe ngezantsi.

Yintoni na le nto?

Ukuba unike inkcazelo yalo mbono, kuyimfuneko ukuba aveze uxhulumaniso zawo imizimba. Ngapha koko, iyeza uthathwa ukuba kanye oko iqulathe la maqela. Umzekelo, iglasi, intsimbi, isalfure, iinkuni - into. Imizekelo lungayenye anengqondo. Lula ukuqonda oku kulandelayo: Sithatha eli gama libhekisela yonke ehlabathini kukho iintlobo zizifundo ezahlukeneyo molekyuli, kwakunye amasuntswana ezilula monatomic.

Ngaloo ndlela, amanzi, utywala, ii-asidi, alkalis, iiprotheni, iikhabhohayidrethi, ityuwa, iswekile, isanti, udongwe, idayimani, iigesi, njalo njalo - kodwa le into. Imizekelo kucace ngakumbi kwikhompyutha undoqo kolu luvo.

Umzimba wenyama - yinto imveliso, eyenziwe ngemvelo okanye umntu ngokusekelwe iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iglasi - umzimba leyo iquka zeglasi kunye noxwebhu lwephepha - umzimba nto leyo neselulosi zigqithiswe okanye umthi.

Kakade ke, onke iimolekyuli zahlukile. Yintoni na ke ngenxa iiyantlukwano zabo, ngokuba iimpawu zabo - zomzimba, iikhemikhali kunye neempawu organoleptic. Bona kuchazwa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezizodwa inzululwazi nganye yalo. Kunokuba zemathematika, analytical, ukulinga, iindlela nezixhobo, kunye neentlobo ezininzi ngakumbi. Umzekelo, inzululwazi chemistry isebenzisa ukuba into nganye, okanye mandithi, ukuba ukuchonga oko, njengommeli. Nguye owayekhethwe ngokusekelwe iimpawu zolwakhiwo kwemolekyuli kunye kwangaphambili iipropati imichiza. Ke Engavava- ezivunyiweyo ngokomfuniselo kwaye ezisisigxina isiseko theoretical component.

nokwahlulwa kwezinto

Isiseko lomahluko ngokwamaqela imichiza angabekwa kukho iimpawu ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, imo udibaniso. Bonke kuba kule ngumba ngeentlobo ezine:

• plasma;
• gas;
• wamanzi;
• izinto crystalline (okuqinileyo).

Ukuba uthathe nje ngesiseko uphawu a ngakumbi "nzulu" thina, zonke izinto lungohlulwa lube:

• eziphilayo - based ngamatyathanga kunye Imijikelo carbon yehayidrojini atom;
• ezingaphiliyo - bonke abanye.

Ukwakheka iziqalelo nesibonakalisa iikhompawundi ze kwifomula, zezi:

• ilula - olulodwa uhlobo athom kwemichiza;
• complex - iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu izinto.

Kwelinye icala, abaqhelekileyo yahlulwe isinyithi kunye nonmetals. Zobunewu babe neeklasi ezininzi: iityuwa, iziseko, ii-asidi, oxides, esters, hydrocarbon, alkoholi, ii-asidi acid njalo njalo.

iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iikhompawundi ze ifomula

Yintoni ngokucacileyo, oko kukuthi lomzobo, uqhagamshelo ukubonisa? Kakade ke, lo ifomula izinto. Zahluke. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo kolwazi oluqulethwe kuyo kwakhona ezahlukileyo molecule. Ngoko ke, kukho iindlela:

1. Ebuyiselwayo esekwe kwizibalo okanye eziphilayo. Oku kubonisa ukuba ubume ubuninzi nobulunga ukwimo. Oku kuquka iimpawu akwi kwiziqalelo kunye index kwikona esezantsi ekhohlo kuyo, ebonisa inani athom kwi molecule. Umzekelo, H ₂ Owu, Na ₂ SO _4, AL ₂ (SO _{4) 3.}
2. Electron diffraction. Le fomyula kubonisa inani elektroni Valence isiqalelo ngasinye ekulelona ezimbaxa. Ngoko ke, i ngobuwena elinjalo kunokwenzeka sele ukuqikelela ezinye kwemichiza kunye neempawu zomzimba ngayo izinto.
3. In organic chemistry efanayo ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo olufinyeziweyo neefomula zezakhiwo. Zibonisa ukulandelelana atom kwi molekyuli, koko, kubonisa ngokucacileyo into yelo kwiklasi elithile iikhompawundi. Kwaye ikuvumela ukugqiba ngokuchanileyo uhlobo oluthile molecule kwangaphambili zonke iimpawu ngentsebenziswano yakhe.

Ngoko ke, iisimboli imichiza kunye nemixube efomatiweyo ngokuchanekileyo ubisi - inxalenye enkulu yomsebenzi kunye nazo zonke izinto ezaziwayo. Oku sisiseko senkolelo wonke umntu kufuneka azi umfundi esifunda chemistry.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu lepropati neeplanethi oluboniswe izinto. Ukuba yeyela eli qela?

1. karhulumente Physical phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, kuquka umgangatho.
2. ubushushu reflux, ukunyibilika, yingqele, abe ngumphunga.
3. iimpawu Organoleptic: umbala, ivumba, incasa.
4. Ukunyibilika emanzini kunye nezinye izinyibilikisi (organic, umzekelo).
5. Ukuxinana kunye fluidity, viscosity.
6. Unikezelo lombane kunye thermal, umthamo ubushushu.
7. permeability wesakhiwo.
8. Yemisebe.
9. Absorption kunye mhlobo.
10. Inductance.

Kukho kwakhona uthotho izikhombisi, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ukwenzela uluhlu olupheleleyo, ebonisa iimpawu kwezinto. Noko ke, phakathi emzimbeni imichiza. Zezi:

• electrode ezinokubakho ;
• chwetheza crystal ngekroba;
• electronegativity;
• ngobulukhuni brittleness;
• malleability kunye ductility;
• hexa okanye uwase;
• iimpembelelo zebhayoloji kwi eziphilayo (enobuhlungu, ingakwazi, iiarhente-luvo, cala, nenzuzo, njalo njalo).

Amaxesha amaninzi ezi manani okhankanywe ngqo xa sele kusetyenzwa ngqo iimpawu imichiza kwezinto. Noko ke, ungakhankanya kuzo kwicandelo emzimbeni akayi kuba loo mpazamo.

Iimpawu imichiza kwezinto

Eli qela libandakanya zonke iintlobo yentsebenziswano kwemolekyuli kunye nezinye izinto ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo kunokwenzeka. Eso imichiza reaction ngqo. Ngohlobo ngalunye lonxibelelwano ukuba ayikukhuthazi ezithile. Noko ke, bodwa qela yezinto zobumnini eqhelekileyo ukuba iklasi yonke kwezinto.

Umzekelo, zonke acid ekwaziyo zakudibana zesinyithi, njengoko imo yawo thotho electrochemical zesinyithi yombane. Kananjalo yonke indlela neutralization ezithile kunye kwealkali, zakudibana iziseko ezingenakunyibilika. Noko ke, ingqalelo sulphuric acid kunye ne-nitric ethile, ekubeni iimveliso abasabela ngayo kunye nesinyithi zahlukile nezifumaneka kusabela efanayo kunye namanye amalungu iklasi.

iimpawu lwemichiza eninzi into nganye. Inani labo umiselwa umsebenzi umchiza, oko kukuthi, ukukwazi zisenokuxabana nezinye amacandelo. Kukho izidubuli kakhulu, kukho phantse egalelwe. Oku ngokungqongqo i parameter ngamnye.

elula

Ezi ziquka ezo ezinama uhlobo olunye atom, kodwa ezahlukeneyo inani labo. Umzekelo, S _8, O _2, O _{3, Au,} N _2, P _4, Ecl _2, iAri, kunye nabanye.

Iimpawu imichiza kwezinto ezilula bancipha basebenzisane:

• ezimbiwa;
• non-iintsimbi;
• amanzi;
• asidi;
• alkalis kunye hydroxides amphoteric;
• organic;
• iityuwa;
• oxides;
• peroxide kunye acetic, kunye nezinye iimolekyuli.

Kwakhona kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba ziwuphose iimpawu ezithile kwimeko ethile nganye. Ngoko ke, lo iimpawu zomzimba imichiza kwezinto ezilula zithathwa ngamnye.

izinto ezintsonkothileyo

Eli qela libandakanya iikhompawundi ezifana, ezo molekyuli apho akhiwa izinto ezimbini okanye naphezulu abahlukeneyo abasebenzisi chemical. Isixa ngamnye kubo inokuba nomahluko. Ukuze siqonde langoku embalwa imizekelo ezilula:

• H ₃ PO _4;
• K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6];
• Cu (OH) _2;
• LiF;
• AL _{2 O-3} kunye nabanye.

Ekubeni bonke basonta kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo izinto, ukuchonga ngeempawu zomzimba lweekhemikhali bonke akunakwenzeka. Oku iipropati ezithile, ezizodwa kunye ngamnye kwimeko nganye.

inorganics

Namhlanje, kukho kwama-500 amawaka. Kukho ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo. Xa iyonke kukho ezininzi ezinkulu iindidi iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo, kanti zonke iyantlukwano yabo.

1. iintsimbi into elula.
2. Oxides.
3. izinto ezilula non-iintsimbi.
4. igesi Noble okanye egalelwe.
5. Peroxides.
6. Anhydrides.
7. hydrogen compound aziphethe ngayo.
8. Hydrides.
9. YeTyuwa.
10. Acid.
11. Base.
12. compound Amphoteric.

Naluphi na ummeli iklasi nganye awayo iipropati emzimbeni imichiza ezivumela ukuba kulahlula kwezinye iikhompawundi nokuchonga.

Iimpawu kwezinto eziphilayo

Organics - yinto icandelo of chemistry ojongene nasekufundweni iikhompawundi ngaphandle ezingaphiliyo, kunye neempawu zazo. athom carbon ezilawula ubume zabo, bayakwazi nokuxhuma enye kwenye izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo:

• linear okanye chain branched;
• imijikelo;
• ring elimnandi;
• heterocycles.

eziphilayo ziyilwe nje iikhompawundi ezifana, njengesiseko lobomi - ziiproteni, amafutha kunye carbohydrate. Bonke bephela - abameli organic izinto. Ngoko ke, ngeempawu iimpawu zazo. Kodwa nayiphi na imeko, akunamsebenzi nokuba yintoni uhlobo molecule ekuthethwa, kusesemini kuba ukuba waphawulwa ngezinto ezithile iipropati emzimbeni acid, ngazo ekuqaleni.

Yintoni na udaba ophilayo?

Oku kubizwa ephilayo leyo ubunjwe yonke biomass komhlaba wethu. Oko kukuthi, ezo izinto ezenza ubomi kuwo:

• kwiintsholongwane;
• lenyama;
• izityalo;
• izilwanyana;
• awafanele;
• abantu.

Ukususela isambuku ezihlelwe eziphilileyo - organic, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubase iqela elithile ophilileyo. Noko ke, asingabo bonke. Kuphela ezo kubalulekile ukuba ubukho abameli zokuphila ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. Bathi ziiproteni, nucleic, iihomoni, iivithamini, amafutha, iikhabhohayidrethi, acid kunye nabanye. Igama elithi "ephilayo" yaqaliswa Vernadsky, umseki thiyori ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ngayo umhlaba.

Iimpawu izinto eziphilayo:

• ilifa amandla kunye ithuba ukuguquka yayo;
• ukuzeyisa;
• intshukumo ngokuzithandela;
• alternation kwizizukulwana;
• ukungafani kakhulu.

Ziikristale kunye nezinto zalo

Libhekisela kuzo zonke khompawundi crystalline ukuba uhlobo oluthile lwesakhiwo ngekroba. Kukho unxibelelwano kwi-atom, ezinto eziphilayo okanye ebuntsimbi akhazimlayo ngekroba. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo izinto crystalline. iikhompawundi gumbini okuqinileyo ukuba nembono eyolukwe okanye erhabaxa crystallites ezi iityuwa ezahlukeneyo.

Kukho kwakhona kukho izinto ezilula kunye nesakhiwo efanayo, ezifana grafayithi okanye diamond, amatye anqabileyo kunye semi-anqabileyo, izimbiwa, amatye. Iimpawu esisiseko kubo:

• yobulukhuni;
• ubu;
• yokunyibilika avareji kunye lobushushu abilayo.

Noko, ndihleli nje, inkalo nganye ukuze alungele wonke.

Iipropati Metal izinto umboniso isinyithi, aluminium zabo. Kubo, uluhlu iimpawu ngokubanzi:

• malleability kunye ductility;
• ukwandiswa kwendawo yokuhlala eliphezulu, ukunyibilika ndawo;
• zombane kunye conductivity thermal;
• ayenechaphothi sisinyithi.