Yintoni na ibhayisekile le nto? Ukujikeleziswa of zizinto eziphilayo. Umjikelo Scheme lomba endalweni

Ukususela ekuqaleni iplanethi yethu ezenzekayo rhoqo indawo iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo transfer lwamandla phakathi eziphilayo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Yena basenza, idluliselwa kwezinye iindlela, sibopha ukuthi kwaye kwakhona saa. Kunjalo wathi nayiphi na into yakha isiseko yobomi. Ngamnye wabo wandikhomba ezininzi kwiimeko, ivavanywa utshintsho ezininzi yaye ekugqibeleni wabuya.

Ezi nkqubo ukunika ingcamango ukuba umjikelo lomba endalweni. Amvumela ukuba ukulandelela intshukumo nje amalunga, kodwa izinto ngamnye. Siya kuzama ukufumanisa nangakumbi kulo mbandela.

Ingcamango jikelele ejikeleza kwezinto

Yintoni na ibhayisekile le nto? Oku zinakho Zijika ukusuka kwenye imo ukuya kwenye, sikhatshwe ukulahleka kwenxalenye okanye wokuzibhubhisa, kodwa, umlinganiswa osisigxina, ozinzileyo. Okt nayiphi na into okanye umba kwenza uthotho shintsha ngokwezigaba, lo gama ukutshintsha kwaye itshintshwe, kodwa ekugqibeleni nangoku ubuyela imilo yokuqala.

Ngokwendalo, ngokuhamba kwexesha kuba ezinye ilahleko mali ye-compound yesifundo okanye element. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo jikelele rhoqo kwaye ithatha amawaka eminyaka.

Yintoni na ukuhamba kwezinto kube ingqalelo umzekelo. Elula kubo - lutshintsho lomba ephilayo. Ekuqaleni akhiwa kuzo zonke izidalwa multicellular. Emva kokugqiba umjikelo wobomi babo ukubola izinto ezithile umzimba kunye oganikhi khompawundi ibe ezingaphiliyo. Xa ako, ezi zinto kunye nezinye izidalwa emizimbeni yabo buyisa kwakhona iifom organic. Emva koko le nkqubo iphindiwe kwaye nomjikelo luya lonke ixesha.

Iskim ejikeleza kwezinto kwindalo yenza kucace ukuba akukho nto ephuma ndawo kwaye shwaka kulo ndawo. Yonke elinesiqalo, isiphelo kunye neefom eliphakathi. Yiyo leyo imithetho ezisisiseko zobomi. Kwakhona uhambisa amandla. Qwalasela le mizekelo inguqu ezithi zenzeke kweli ecosystem, izidalwa eziphilayo. Kananjalo uya kuqonda ukuba umjikelo onjalo kwezinto ngokusekelwe into ethile.

ephilayo indalo

Lezithako ibalulekileyo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila - abaphilayo. Yintoni na? Olu uhlobo ummeli. Bobabini, kwakha zokubasa. Yena, ke, ivavanywa utshintsho, kukho iqela zonke iinkqubo ezikhoyo kwindawo engqongileyo.

Ukujikeleziswa of ephilayo Makhe mzekelo ilandelayo sodidi.

1. Indalo yokuqala, adonsa ngqo amandla kwelanga bese siguqulwa ibe amandla ekhemikhali - zizityalo, iintsholongwane eziluhlaza-eluhlaza. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba lo mbala yiklorofil photosynthesis. Isiphumo - Yindibanisela izinto eziphilayo ezivela kumacandelo ezingaphiliyo. Ngaloo kwasekwa ikhonkco kuqala phakathi biosphere umcimbi ophilayo.
2. Ngapha koko kukho izilwanyana bayakwazi ukondla ngqo izityalo. Njengoko kwakunye izidla, eziquka abantu ngokunjalo. Baya kudla ikhonkco yokuqala ukuguqula izinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi kwemilo eyahlukileyo - inorganics.
3. Izidalwa ezitya utyani abakhuselekanga ngokudla ezitya inyama. Ekubeni into udlula sele kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
4. Emva koko ezo eziphilayo abakwaziyo ukondla iifom ezidla. ezizingelayo Top. Bona - ikhonkco sokugqibela lokuhamba into ephilayo. Emva kokuba bafe ngexesha nghena eziphilayo zilandelayo.
5. Detritus - iintsholongwane, nomngundo, lenyama, leyo ukubola iintsalela abafileyo izinto eziphilayo ukuguqulela zonke izinto ngendlela ezingaphiliyo.
6. Ezi zihlanganisi (icarbon dioxide, amanzi kunye neetyuwa kwezimbiwa) zisetyenziswa kwakhona kwinkqubo yokudala izityalo organic.

Ngenxa yoko, umjikelo yangoku umba kumzobo indalo ibonisa candelo conversion biosphere ophilileyo. Konke kuqala luze luphele nge isityalo efanayo. inkqubo epheleleyo Zijika leyo enobunzima kwamasebe kunye anabayo ezintsonkothileyo.

Ukujikeleziswa kwezinto kwi-ikhosistim

Nawuphi eziphila - yinto yonke uluntu eziphilayo, zidibene nezinye ubudlelwane ezintsonkothileyo ngamnye ngokwemiqathango ukutya, kwakunye phantsi kwempembelelo kweemeko ezifanayo kokusingqongileyo.

Ukujikeleziswa kwezinto kwi-ecosystem ixhomekeke imithetho ethile yendalo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ngaphantsi ngokuyimfuneko ngqongqo eesekethe amandla. amandla Exchange izinto Ukubolekisa izinto ezininzi - konke oku kwenzeka phakathi kwabantu ngabanye amaqela anikwe kokusingqongileyo.

Ngelo xesha linye bohlulwa babe ngamaqela ezininzi:

• abavelisi;
• consuments oda kuqala;
• consuments ukuze yesibini;
• consuments kwelesithathu;
• eziphilayo zezitya;
• zizibolisi kunye detritus.

ukujikeleza kwezinto zesikimu khangela ngolu hlobo:

• yezityalo (ukuvelisa) wanika i into ephilayo;
• herbivorous isilwanyana (consuments umyalelo wokuqala) iyiguqule ibe ezingaphiliyo kunye nezinye imveliso zomgquba;
• esihamba (consuments order yesibini) siguqule kwezinye zomgquba;
• irhamncwa ephakamileyo (consuments kwelesithathu) kwakhona ngokuyinxenye uyakhululeka njengokuba ubushushu kwaye inxenye ngohlobo lithi ligxininise khona izinto eziphilayo zangaphakathi;
• iintsholongwane ezifana neentsholongwane, umngundo, kunye nezinye (okanye zizibolisi detritophages), leyo ifileyo kuhlala cazulula kwaye enze ubunzima iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo;
• izityalo ukufunxa inorganics kwaye kwakhona ukudala iphotosynthesis inani oganikhi khompawundi ebalulekileyo, ethe yaveliswa.

izinto eziphilayo

Ngokucacileyo, xa eziphilayo enye intsebenziswano enkulu iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili kwezinto: eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Of imveliso zomgquba, ukuthi:

• protein;
• amafutha;
• carbohydrate.

iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo ziquka:

• amanzi;
• carbon dioxide;
• iityuwa kwezimbiwa;
• inani macronutrients ebalulekileyo.

Yimeko ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngendlela eyiyo na ecosystem eyayinethombo rhoqo amandla elanga. Ngapha koko, izityalo umBoniso kuphela phantsi kwale meko. Ngaphezu koko, amandla oko kukuthi kwemichiza ndisezintanjeni iikhompawundi dissipated njengoko ubushushu kukuninzi ngokwaneleyo. Ngenxa yoko, ii-arhente abakwazi kujikeleziswa kwi imeko efanayo ngaphandle ilahleko.

Umjikelo Scheme kwezinto Meadow

Emnandi - a ezizodwa uluntu yendalo. Ngapha koko, ukuba yahlukile bonke abanye, efana namahlathi. Yintoni na le mahluko?

1. Emadlelweni alawulwa kuphela izityalo esintu eliquka zengca ezikhula ngonyaka ephantsi. Kulo mzekelo, nganye zahlukile. Okunye ukukhanya-onothando abe lokukhula eliphezulu, nabo ungaphila amathunzi, ephantsi.
2. Phakathi kolu luntu akukho zasendle. Oku kungenxa yokuba neze indawo yokufihla, ngenxa yokuba kungekho mithi.
3. Ngamaxesha athile ngexesha izantyalantyala zemvula isithuba yonke izele esinendawo ngamanzi. Ngenxa yoko abanye babo igama - onogumbe okanye isambuku. Kwiimeko ezinjalo kungabikho ndlela zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.

Ukuba sithethe malunga nokufana emadlelweni kunye yasehlathini, umzekelo, uluntu, kuyimfuneko ukubalaselisa iphambili: zombini kwintsimi omiweyo ngabameli izityalo, izinambuzane, iimpuku, iintaka, ezirhubuluzayo, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo.

Scheme kwegazi kwezinto engcotyeni unokuba le fomu ilandelayo:

• izinto izimbiwa kunye lwamanzi kudliwa ngqo ukusuka kwisityalo komhlaba;
• zezinambuzane uzalise iintyatyambo yaye ndibandise, xa zisitya umpe yenziweyo sisityalo izinto eziphilayo;
• iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo, lusidla izinambuzane kunye nezityalo, oko kukuthi, abo basebenzisa izinto eziphilayo;
• microorganisms ukubola uhlala abafileyo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, ndimkhulule izinto ezingaphiliyo (iityuwa ezimbiwa, amanzi, carbon dioxide).

UMZEKELO Umjikelo pratensis

Kubalulekile yonke iilinki kubonisiwe kumzekelo. Ukubolekisa kwezinto kwi emadlelweni - zikwimeko eyimfuneko ubukho bale ndawo. Umhlaba uyakwazi ahlanganiswe izinto eziluncedo kunye nezinto kuphela imisebenzi abemi balo - detritophages Cya, iintsholongwane, iziphazamisi kunye nezinye izidalwa. Ngaphandle kwale meko, izityalo ziya kuswela inorganics kwifotosinthesis nokukhula, yaye ke ngoko kuya kuba yonikezelo elifutshane izinto eziphilayo ukuba akhupha. Ezifana starch, kwincindi, iiproteins, kunye nabanye. Oku kuya kunciphisa inani lezilwanyana kunye neentaka, yaye lo mbandela eziphilayo ngokubanzi. Ubunzima ngenxa kunye detritus, umjikelo kabi.

Ukujikeleziswa kwezinto engcotyeni singayizekelisa umzekelo ngakumbi ngqo. Siya kuzama ukwenza icebo enjalo.

• iityuwa ezimbiwa, amanzi, icarbon dioxide, oxygen ubatshisile chamomile.
• sihamba inyosi elijongene izityalo kwaye utya umungu, okt iikhabhohayidrethi zayo kunye neeproteni.
• Bee kunye pern zalixhola Iinyosi anigqibele umzimba wakhe into ephilayo (ngechitin, iiproteins, carbohydrate).
• vole emnandi kunye nezinye iimpuku ezincinane kunye neentlobo ezinkulu zidle lecandelo kweziphilayo izityalo kunye izinambuzane.
• Kestrel (intaka) utya beempuku kwaye kudla izondlo.
• Emva kokufa zonke izilwanyana kunye nezinambuzane ziwe emhlabeni, apho umzimba yabo ibolile ibe iikhompawundi yayo usemthethweni micro-eziphilayo, iintsholongwane, woodlice kunye nezinye zeBRT detritus.
• Ngenxa yoko, umhlaba kwakhona okroqiweyo ityuwa, amanzi kunye nezinye izakhi ukufunxa iingcambu zesityalo.

Abaphathi namandla supply

Ukujikeleziswa izakhi kunye namandla, njengoko waba ecacileyo, ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene imbono kokusingqongileyo njengoko chain okanye womnatha unikezelo. Eneneni, nayiphi na imathiriyeli - imveliso eziphathekayo esebenza zokwakha ukuze kwakhiwe iindawo noshowo iiseli, ancedisana amalungu.

Nganye yesekethe unikezelo lwamandla ekugqibeleni ibandakanya ukuguqulwa kunye nemixube elibujikele. A inkqubo yokuqaphela kunye naluphi sokonakalisa efunekayo okanye ukukhutshwa iindleko zamandla. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba nalo liya kuthatha inxaxheba kumjikelo eyodwa kwindalo.

Kutheni kukho ingcamango "chain" yaye "lokuthengwa kwempahla"? yonke Ingongoma kukuba ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo ngaphakathi amaqela ezifanayo kokusingqongileyo badla kakhulu anzima ngakumbi nje nomxokelelwane plain zesiqhelo. Ngapha koko, ummeli efanayo zehlabathi isilwanyana ingaba esidla kunye utshaba. Kukho eziphilayo zezitya konke. Ukongeza, kuba ezininzi kudala imeko enokhuphiswano ukuba imveliso, nomphako, enokungena yesicwangciso siphela ubudlelane phakathi biogeocoenose.

Kodwa ezi meko kwikhonkco ibhijelene kakhulu kwaye kwasekwa ekuthiwa-supply amandla. Oku kubonakala kakhulu abemi kwiindawo ezinabantu: ehlathini, ichibi uluntu amahlathi ashinyeneyo kunye nezinye.

Zonke chain ukutya zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezimbini:

• imfuyo okanye ingenatyani;
• ukonakala, okanye detrital.

Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo kukuba kwimeko yangaphambili, konke iqala esiphilayo - izityalo. Kule yesibini - kunye iintsalela kwabafileyo, ilindle kunye nezinye iidipozithi nokuba zilungiswa amagciwane, ziimpethu, njalo njalo.

utshintsho energy

Energy, ngokunjalo izinto, bajamelene uthotho utshintsho apha ekuhambeni iinkqubo eziphilayo. All of yahlulahlulwe yaba iindidi ezimbini eziphambili:

• ukukhanya kwelanga;
• iibhondi chemical.

Ngexesha ukwakhiwa nokuhanjiswa kwamandla nje aguqulwa ukusuka kwesinye isimo ukuya kwesinye. Ngenxa yoko kukho ukulahleka kwenxalenye yayo. Eneneni, oko owenziwayo kwiinkqubo zobomi ngalinye dissipated njengoko ubushushu. Yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukuba amandla elanga njengomthombo eyintloko ingabe rhoqo naliphi na iqela loluntu.

Ngqo ngokohlobo ukukhanya eLangeni, oko kudla eziphilayo kuphela ezifana:

• izityalo;
• iintsholongwane;
• kwiseli enye photosynthesis.

Emva kwabo, onke amandla iya le fomu ilandelayo - amaqhina eekhemikhali iikhompawundi. Kule fomu anikezele abameli heterotrophic ukusuka biosphere.

Umjikelo wamanzi

Sele lubonise ukuba inkqubo ibalulekileyo kwaye zibalulekile ngokwembali - yiyo weebhayisekile lomba endalweni. Amanzi umchiza ezingaphiliyo, apho ixabiso kubaluleke kakhulu yaye enkulu. Ngoko ke, indlela kwenzeka kwegazi, iwuqwalasele phantsi kwemiqathango jikelele.

1. A isixa esikhulu samanzi buzinze phezu kwamanzi iplanethi yethu amadama eendidi ezahlukeneyo. Olu kweelwandle neelwandlekazi, imigxobhozo, imilambo, amachibi, imilambo, izakhiwo ngumntu. Phezu kukho komphunga rhoqo ukufuma, ngamanye amanzi ngohlobo engumphunga engena umoya.
2. Umhlaba njengenxenye yayo komphakathi nomphandle wocango, nayo iqulethe eninzi ukufuma. Le amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba okanye komhlaba. Phezu komhlaba zomphunga emoyeni, kunye maleko yangaphakathi yhuu kungena amadama, uze emva koko ngumphunga.
3. Lushwankathela kwi umoya, amanzi ngokuthe ngcembe ufikelela ubuninzi kwaye iqalisa ukuba abuyele emhlabeni ngohlobo kwezulu. Ebusika, oko ikhephu ehlotyeni - imvula.
4. Izityalo othatha inxaxheba ukufunxeka kunye transpiration kwamanzi njengoko banyebeleza ngaloo ngokusebenzisa isixa esikhulu ngayo.

Ngenxa yoko, umjikelo wamanzi, kwaye nomjikelo mba kwindalo ukunika urhulumente okuqhelekileyo nayiphi eziphilayo, yaye ngenxa yoko izinto eziphilayo.

Uphononongo komjikelo eziphathekayo kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi

Ukuba abantwana babe ufifi lokuba yintoni utshintsho nokungazinzi koqoqosho kwindalo, ukubaxelela ngayo kufuneka nkqu sikwinqanaba lokuqala uqeqesho. Amakhwenkwe kufuneka babe nolwazi into kumjikelo lomba. Grade 3 - ixesha elifanelekileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ngeli xesha, abantwana bakhule ngokwaneleyo ukuze baqonde ngokupheleleyo kwaye zivalele ingcaciso elolu hlobo.

Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zemfundo ukuze ihlabathi ngaphandle imelwe icebo elungileyo, "umjikelo kweklasi 3 mbandela.." It ibonisa iintlobo ezisisiseko utshintshwano yamanzi, into ke ikhonkco lokutya, ezo ethile eziphila nganye.

Est Umjikelo idayagramu kwezinto kubafundi abaselula lungaluhlobo of: ngamanzi kunye neeminerali izinto kwizityalo - izinto eziphilayo izilwanyana - ngamanzi nezimbiwa iityuwa emva kokufa izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

kwinqanaba ngalinye kufanele ukucaciswa yimizekelo kunye nenkcazo eneenkcukacha ukuze kwakhiwe ukuqonda ngokucacileyo iinkqubo zendalo yenzeke.