Raoul Wallenberg: engobomi, iifoto, usapho

"Ulungile Phakathi Kweentlanga" - yinto isihloko ngo-1963, ukuba kokufa imbasa ngonozakuzaku Swedish owasisindisayo amashumi amawaka amaYuda ebudeni Ngenkohlakalo, waza wafa entolongweni yiSoviet kwiimeko ncam.

Igama Le ndoda - Gustav Wallenberg Raul, kwaye ufanelwe ukuba abantu abaninzi bengazi malunga feat lwakhe, umzekelo zobuntu lokwenyaniso.

Raoul Wallenberg: Family

uzowenza Future wazalwa ngo-1912 kwisixeko Swedish Kappsta, kufuphi Stockholm. Uyise lo mfana zange wambona, njengegosa Navy Raoul Oscar Wallenberg wafa kwisithuba seenyanga ezi-3 ukusuka ngumhlaza de yindlalifa. Ngoko ke, owabanyusayo ngunina - May Wallenberg.

Family Raoul Gustav zooyise owayesaziwa imali eSweden kuyo bezimali ezininzi Swedish kunye nezifundiswa. Ngokukodwa, ngexesha lokuzalwa inkwenkwe utatomkhulu wakhe - Gustav Wallenberg - yaba Unozakuzaku ilizwe lakhe eJapan.

Ngelo xesha koomama Raul yayizalwa othengisa ogama Bendix, ekuthiwa omnye wabaseki wamaJuda e Sweden. Noko ke, Wallenberg ukhokho kanye yamkelwa nawo, ngoko bonke abantwana bakhe nabazukulwana bakhe baba ngamaKristu.

Ngowe-1918 Meyi vising Wallenberg watshata ukuba Swedish Ministry of Health esemthethweni Fredrik von Dardel. Xa lo mtshato abazalwa intombi Nina nonyana Guy von Dardel, owathi kamva waba yamachiza yenyukliya. Raul nethamsanqa kunye ubaba wakhe, ngokuba wamphatha ngendlela efanayo njengabantwana zomthonyama.

ukubunjwa

Imfundo lamakhwenkwe ikakhulu abenza uyisemkhulu. Ekuqaleni wathunyelwa uqeqesho emkhosini, yaye emva koko eFransi. Ngenxa yoko, ngelo xesha ukwamkelwa University of Michigan ngo-1931, kukho umfana wathetha ngeelwimi ezininzi. Apho wafunda ngezakhiwo kunye ekupheleni wafumana imbasa kuqeqesho kakhulu.

Business

Nakuba usapho Raul Wallenberg akufuneki kumajelo eendaba yaye yabamba nesikhundla esiphezulu kuluntu Swedish, ngowe-1933, wazama ukuba ukuziphilisa. Ngoko ke njengomfundi, waya eChicago, apho wafika wasebenza kwiSebe le nkundla "mboniso Chicago behlabathi."

Emva kokuba ephumelele, ngowe-1935, Raoul Wallenberg wabuyela Stockholm waza wathabatha inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi pool kukhuphiswano lokudada, agqibileyo kwindawo yesibini.

Emva koko, ukuze ukucaphukisa utatomkhulu ufuna ukubona i-bhanki ngempumelelo Raoul, wagqiba ukufumana amava kweli candelo nezorhwebo waya Kapa, apho wabhalisa kwinkampani enkulu ethengisa izinto zokwakha. Emva kokugqitywa internship yaba impendulo okuqaqambileyo evela nomnini wenkampani, yintoni na uyakholiswa kakhulu Gustav Wallenberg, ngelo xesha ngunozakuzaku Sweden e Turkey.

Utatomkhulu wafumana umzukulwana Intanda umsebenzi omtsha yodumo kwi "ebhankini Dutch" eHaifa. Apho Raoul Wallenberg wadibana namaYuda abaselula. Babaleka evela ku Germany wathetha malunga intshutshiso apho edangatyeni. Le ntlanganiso wenza iqhawe ibali lethu ukuqonda ulwalamano lwabo yemfuza kunye nabantu abangamaYuda waza wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ngekamva lakhe.

Raoul Wallenberg: A Biography (iminyaka 1937-1944)

"I-Great Depression" ku eSweden wayengekho elona xesha lifanelekileyo ukuze ukuziphilisa njengoko wezakhiwo, ngoko ke lo mfana bagqiba ukuqala ishishini labo wagalela ekujonganeni umYuda waseJamani. Kwishishini akuphumelelanga, kwaye hayi ukuba ashiywe ngaphandle umsebenzi, Raul wajika kuyisekazi uYakobi, owasinikayo umtshana wakhe umYuda yelo nkampani yorhwebo Kalman Lauer Central yaseYurophu. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva Vallenberg Raul bekusoloko iqabane yomnini kwenkampani omnye wabaphathi bayo. Ngeli xesha wayesoloko waya eYurophu yaye Ndandisoyikela into awayibonayo aseJamani nawamanye amazwe awayephantsi kwamaNazi.

umsebenzi zokubonisana

Ukususela ngaloo minyaka eSweden, wonke umntu wayesazi ukuba intsapho oselula Wallenberg (oonozakuzaku lobukhosi), ngoJulayi 1944, Raul wamiselwa unobhala yokuqala uthumo ongunozakuzaku ilizwe lakhe eBudapest. Apho ke wafumana indlela yokunceda amaYuda endawo, ngubani balinde ukufa; basuka bayinika abenzi "zokundwendwela protective" Swedish, esalinikwayo abanini ubume labemi Sweden, elindele ukuba baphindele kwilizwe labo.

Ukongeza, wakwazi ukweyisela ezinye iinjengele Wehrmacht ukuphazamisa imiyalelo yeenjengele zabo ezithumela ukuya iinkampu ukufa kwabo abemi Budapest xian. Ngaloo ndlela waba nako ukusindisa ubomi amaYuda ababeza kumbulala phambi kokufika Red Army. Emva kwemfazwe, kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba ngenxa yezenzo zakhe wabasindisa abantu abamalunga ne-100 lamawaka. Kwanele ukuba ndithi kuphela e Budapest amajoni Soviet wadibana 97 amawaka amaYuda, kanti zonke ezi 800.000 amaYuda Hungarian sasinda 204.000 kuphela. Ngenxa yoko, phantse isiqingatha sabo wayenetyala yosindiso lwabo ngonozakuzaku Swedish.

Okumiselwe Wallenberg emva inkululeko Hungary ukusuka amaNazi

Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, lo ubukrelekrele eSoviet olwenziwa zibandakanye ixesha elininzi ahlala kuyo Wallenberg e Budapest. Ke ukuba Isiphelo sakhe emva kokufika Red Army, cofa behlabathi wavakalisa iinguqulelo ezahlukileyo.

On omnye wabo, ekuqaleni 1945, kunye nomqhubi lakhe V. Langfelder kwisakhiwo International Red Cross yabamba angabalindi yiSoviet (ngolunye uhlobo, i NKVD wabanjwa kwi egumbini lakhe). Ukusuka apho, ngonozakuzaku wathunyelwa R. Ya. Malinovskomu, umthetho ngelo xesha Front 2 Ukrainian, njengoko kuchaziwe ukuba umxelele ulwazi mfihlakalo. Kukho kwakhona imvakalelo wabanjwa yi SMERSH, abaye bagqiba ukuba Raoul Wallenberg - uyintlola. Izizathu urhano ezinjalo kungaba kukho isixa esikhulu segolide kunye nemali emotweni yakhe, nto leyo iphutha ukuba ubuncwane baphanga ngamaNazi, kanti ke eneneni ziye kusala uzowenza lokugcina wasindisa amaYuda. Enoba lwalunjani, akazange sisinde amaxwebhu ubungqina ukurhoxisa izityhwentywe zemali kunye ubucwebe Raoul Wallenberg, okanye inventri zazo.

Kulo mzekelo, icikidwa ukuba Matshi 8, 1945 "Radio Kossuth", leyo phantsi kolawulo yiSoviet, ukudlulisa umyalezo ukuba ngexesha umlo waxhela ngonozakuzaku Swedish enegama elifanayo e Budapest.

Kwi-USSR,

Ukuze ufumanise ukuba yeyiphi na eyenzeka Raoul Wallenberg, abaphengululi kwanyanzeleka ukuqokelela kwiimvuthuluka leefekthi. Ngoko ke, bafumana ukuba kuyo bantinga eMoscow, apho wavalelwa entolongweni kwi Lubyanka. amabanjwa German ababelapho ngelo xesha, wangqina ukuba i "entolongweni Telegraph" wathetha kuye de-1947, emva koko ukuba kungenzeka ukuba aye kwenye indawo.

Emva yokuduka laso yayo e Budapest eSweden wenza imibuzo embalwa malunga Isiphelo sakhe, kodwa abasemagunyeni eSoviet ingxelo yokuba babengazi apho Raoul Wallenberg. Ngaphezu koko, ngo Agasti 1947, A. Ya. Vyshinsky, uSekela Foreign uMphathiswa ngokusesikweni lowu ngonozakuzaku Swedish kwi USSR apho. Noko ke, ngo-1957 kwicala eSoviet kwafuneka avume ukuba Raoul Wallenberg (bona ifoto. Ngaphezu) wabanjwa e Budapest, ukuze asiwe eMoscow, wafa ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo ngoJulayi 1947.

Ngelo xesha, a inqaku kwafumaneka yokugcina Foreign Wyszynski Molotov (ukususela ngoMeyi 1947), apho ubuza ukuba awanyanzele Abakumov angenise isatifiketi kwimeko Wallenberg kunye neziphakamiso ukuphelisa yabo. Kamva, uSekela Mphathiswa ngokwakhe ubhalela uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo State of the lizwe kwaye kufuneka ukunika impendulo eziphathekayo soqulunqo waseUSSR ukuphendula isibheno kwicala Swedish.

Uphando Wallenberg emva kokuwa USSR

Ekupheleni kuka-2000, ngokususela uMthetho RF "ukuvuselela Amaxhoba Imizamo zezopolitiko," noMtshutshisi Jikelele ukuthatha izigqibo ezifanelekileyo kwimeko ngonozakuzaku Swedish R. Wallenberg kunye V. Langfeldera. Xa ndiqukumbela, kwathiwa ukuba ngoJanuwari 1945, aba bantu ukuba amalungu zase Swedish kwikomkhulu Hungarian, kunye Wallenberg, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kananjalo unandipha sifo ozakuzo, babanjwa kwaye avalela de afe kwi emajele.

Olu xwebhu sele wagxeka ngenxa yokuba uluntu abazange amaxwebhu anxulumene enikiweyo, umzekelo, izizathu nokuvalelwa Wallenberg kunye Langfeldera.

Study of zesayensi amazwe

Ngo-2010 esipapashwe isifundo mbali American S. Berger kunye Birstein V., apho kwacetyiswa uguqulelo falsity malunga kokufa Raoul Wallenberg, July 17, 1947. Xa Central nkcukacha ye-FSB wafumana uxwebhu iintsuku ezi-6 emva kokuba elichaziweyo komhla iNtloko yeSebe 4 3 GB gu Ministry of the USSR (counterintelligence zomkhosi) iiyure eziliqela sigocagoca "inani 7 ibanjwa", emva koko yaseCato kunye Vilmos UAndor Langfeldera. Ukusukela ezimbini zokugqibela ziye anxulumene Wallenberg, izazinzulu ziye zacebisa ukuba igama lakhe, yaye uye ngokufihlisa.

memory

Abantu bamaYuda bazakuyivuyela konke endikwenzele noonyana bakhe, ngexesha Ngenkohlakalo Vallenberg Raul.

Monument e Moscow ukuba akanandaba sezifundo ukho Yauza esangweni. Ukongeza, ilitye lesikhumbuzo kwimemori lwabo kwizixeko 29 zehlabathi.

Ngowe-1981, enye amaYuda isiHungary wamhlangula laso, owathi kamva bafudukela i-USA yaye waba States, isabelo eqalwe Wallenberg ngumhlali Wawongwa kweli lizwe. Ukususela Agasti 5, wafumana memory imini yakhe eUnited States.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ngo-1963 i-Israeli Institute Yad Vashem imbasa Raoul Gustav Wallenberg ngesiqu lamalungisa phakathi weZizwe, leyo, ngaphandle kwakhe, wawongwa usomashishini German Apocrypha Schindler, ilungu Polish i Resistance Movement - engoyiki Irene Sendler, igosa Wehrmacht Vilgelm Hozenfeld, Armenian kwamanye amazwe, kanye ngokwabo kusindiswa ukusuka kohlanga eTurkey, Dilsizyany, 197 baseRashiya kwi umsebenzi wayifihla amaYuda emizini yawo, kunye nabameli bezizwe malunga 5 elinesibini. Abantu abangama-26 119, kuba lowo ummelwane ubuhlungu hayi umntu ongamaziyo.

usapho

unina Wallenberg kunye utata banikezela ubomi babo khangela ufakele Raul. Bade wayalela ngoyise-umzalwana nodade, ngokutsho oonozakuzaku abahlala apho kuya kuza ngo-2000. Umsebenzi wabo waqhubeka nomsebenzi nabazukulwana kwaye walinga sibone indlela wafa Wallenberg.

Le umfazi uKofi Annan - Nana Lagergren, nomtshana Raoul - uye ukulwa odumileyo neengxaki kwewaka yaye aqhubeka namasiko humanistic intsapho yakhe, wabaseki apho nomalume wakhe. Kumbindi ingqalelo zikhona iingxaki abantwana abangakwaziyo ukufumana imfundo ngenxa yentlupheko iintsapho zabo. Ngelo xesha linye kukholelwa ukuba ngexesha kohlanga eRwanda, umyeni wakhe Akuzange kubekho njengoko Raoul Wallenberg: uKofi Annan uqalise reviews of abajongene UN evela kwilizwe apho utsha ungquzulwano lobuhlanga ukuba nemiphumela emibi ngenxa amalungu yabantu amaTutsi.

Ke kaloku, ukuba uyazi lowo Raoul Wallenberg, ogama engobomi kwaye iqulethe izikhewu ezininzi. Le ngonozakuzaku evela Sweden ezantsi imbali umntu asindiswe amawakawaka abantu baya, kodwa akaba nako ukufihlakala ukufa emigodini entolongweni, owabakhoyo ngaphandle kwetyala.