Bafihla Zelinsky: inkcazelo, imbali wendalo kunye nohlaziyo

Ukwamkelwa "iziqhushumbisi ezinukayo" okanye izixhobo zeekhemikhali emfazweni enxulumene uhlaselo zesiJamani kwi Ypres ngo-1915. Emva koko, iitoni ezingama-170 ze chlorine wakhululwa, oko kwaba ukuya amawaka 15 abantu baphulukana amajoni malunga 5000 yomkhosi French. Kunye leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye fyabo kunxulumene ndlela zokukhusela ngokuchasene izixhobo acid, eyingxenye yayo eRashiya. Le imaski Zelinsky. Siseko ukusebenza kwaye luvuleke wamalahle ezinde likhusela sele eso sizukulwana wamajoni Russian kwaye kuyaqhubeka ukuba ndisindise ubomi, hayi kuphela kwempi, kodwa kwixesha loxolo.

imiba ephambili

Imibuzo zelifa zembali nguvulindlela avulekileyo namhlanje. Eneneni, uNjingalwazi kunye Umsunguli imaski igesi Zelinskiy uNikolay Dmitrievich (1861 - 1953) luthathwa njengento yokuziphatha kakubi ukuba ukukhusela ilungelo ngenxa wokusungula, enyanisweni, waba indlela chloropicrin zokutshiza - enye ezinetyhefu imfazwe impiriyali. Ukuba phakathi kwenkulungwane XX umbuzo Russian isigqumathelo gas ubuntshatsheli fyabo (bafihla Zelinsky - Kummanta) kwakungenxa kweyabo namhlanje ifumene ixabiso wezifundo. Kwaye cinga ukuba fanela ngokuchasene umbuzo kwase imaski yelo isibetho buciko.

Imbali ukhuseleko: zokulwa noxolo

Kukho ubungqina bokuba basemgodini yamandulo eGrisi wasebenzisa imaski kunye lokucoca ulwelo imifuno eyomileyo. Arab abazalwana bakaMusa, abaphengululi abadumileyo lwekhulu Baghdad IV, ukuthintela ityhefu lwabasebenzi ngokomba amaqula. Basungula isixhobo zobugcisa iyafana kakhulu ukuba imaski. Kwaye inxeba imaski kunye nokutshintshwa lokucoca ulwelo. Nangona izinto lokucoca nazo ezenziwe imifuno womile, baba iyafana ukuya iindlela zokukhusela yemichiza mihla.

KumaXesha Aphakathi, kunye ukuvela ubhubhane kubhubhane isibetho kunye nophuhliso imfundiso miasms (into nobutshaba abantu) kunye CONTAG (amasuntswana eziyityhefu ezosulela ngesikhumba kwaye kukuphefumla), kukho ikhithi yelo Anti. Le ngengubo neeglavu zifakwe tar, yaye "umlomo", nto leyo ibekwe ngaphakathi izihluzi zezityalo.

Ngo-1799 kwakukho imaski ka-Alexander von Humboldt, ukuhluza kunye ucoco neegesi zam ukukhusela abasebenzi.

Kodwa patent lokuqala isigqumathelo igesi lanikwa Lewis Haslett ngo-1849 eKentucky, eUnited States. izixhobo senzelwe mgodini lokucoca bakhonza ngelaphu ashinyeneyo loboya, i ukuphefumla ivalve walungiselelwa.

Xa ke uThixo amajukujuku ihonjiswe of Cathedral St. kaIsake ngo-1838 e Saint - Petersburg wabulala iinkosi 60, abazange ukugcina iimaski Pipe. Baye zazenziwe iglasi kunye nethumbu kwaye kwafuneka ukuba lokukhuselwa nesigidi. Kodwa uyilo khange etywiniweyo, kwaye ke unobangela yityhefu lwabasebenzi.

Coal njengento adsorbent

John Stengauz ngo-1854 wenza baphefumla, ezaba adsorbent yamalahle engundoqo. Yaba isigqumathelo umaleko-mbini, eyathi yabekwa phakathi kweengqimba sorbent - wamalahle powder.

Ncokola of uMikhail Lomonosov, academician le Russian Academy of Sciences Iogann Tobias Lovitz ecetywayo ukusetyenziswa ezinde amalahle ukuze zokuhlanjululwa amanzi, ukhuselo ezibolayo inyama.

merit Zelinsky kukuba wasebenzisa kuqala xa sisidla carbon iyasebenza - carbon nokonyuka komthamo adsorption. Yamalahle elungiselelwe ngokukodwa ngu 1,500 macala onke. eziimitha kumphezulu aneentunja ku-1 sentimitha cc.

Adsorbent plus yobunzima imaski ngokulinganayo Zelinsky

Imbali oku kuthetha yokhuseleko imichiza linxibelelene elinye igama, ngokufanelekileyo waba yesibini yesihloko isigqumathelo igesi - Emond Kummanta, igcisa lolwazi lwe-mveliso "Triangle".

I-UK Office Patent inike igunya Emond Kummantu kokusungulwa imaski yokuqala. Loo imaski iqinisiwe yaye ndasinqabisela ubuso kubo usisindisile ahlangane kunye izinto eziyityhefu esikhumbeni.

imfazwe ngokokuma impiriyali kwanyanzeleka utshaba afune iindlela zokulwa kunye nokusetyenziswa izinto eziyityhefu. Eyona njongo iphambili bafune ukukhuselwa, kuquka amacebo jikelele kunye imaski ethembekileyo zokhuselo. Kwakuyinto iyeza sele kuthathwa imaski.

Bafihla Zelinsky: isakhiwo

Kwakukho AMAGQABAZA ▸ amathathu - Petrograd, eMoscow kunye esemthethweni.

Eyokuqala, ngo-1915, wangena Petrograd inkonzo ipateni imaski. Isigcina wambu ngayo imaski ibhokisi ebuxande ukuba amabini ubungakanani ibhokisi ezantsi 200: 80: 50 iimilimitha. ezantsi ngaphantsi phezulu natywinwa nale emlonyeni esisemantla inye soldered, kodwa ngaphezulu. Phakathi kwazo kukho enemingxuma yentsimbi ngomaleko igozi kumacala omabini. Va pad igozi yabekwa 3-6 mm granular isebenze carbon. volume lokucoca waba 700 cc. cm, ubude - 174 mm. Ibhokisi ekukhuseleni isivalo etotini. Isigqumathelo yaba ibhokisi-orenji ithe nca tape.

EMoscow isampuli wangena inkonzo ngo-1916 yaye ibhokisi ezincinane kunye seqanda. Umthamo we filter carbon waba 1,000 neesentimitha cubic.

Noko ke, uvavanyo lubonise imfuneko yokuphucula. Kwaye kukho inguqulelo sesithathu imaski Zelinsky - uhlobo breech zezityalo anti-gas. Waye mafutshane kunokuba kowangaphambili, kunye ibhokisi okweqanda.

Ukuvavanywa kwezixhobo

Isigqumathelo gas umkhosi Russian Zelinsky - Kummanta wabonakala ebusika-2016. Kwisithuba seminyaka emibini imfazwe Russia livelise ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-11 amaqhosha yokhuseleko data.

Approbation imaski Zelinsky zenzeka kwi edabini kwe leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Iimvavanyo waqondisa umfundi N. D. Zelinskogo UNikolai Shilov. Yaba nguye lowo wacebisa Professor esinee-carbon lokucoca ulwelo. Enakho kunye nocazululo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza wokhuseleko wemichiza kwiilebhu mobile, kwakunye nombutho kwezikolo ngenxa abasebenzi umkhosi Russian, leyo kwenziwa ukusetyenziswa zoqeqesho izixhobo - afihla Zelinsky. Imbali Libonakala ukubaluleka kwezi zikolo kunye nokungabikho ingqalelo kubo umyalelo.

Ubuhle nobubi

Ukuba nokwenzeka wokucoca zezulu ezintweni ezahlukeneyo ziyityhefu kwaye kokufunyanwa an adsorbent efanelekileyo - ezifunyanisiweyo obucacileyo bokuba owenza unjingalwazi ND Zelinsky. Ngomshini eyasungulwa ngexesha ingenzeka akabanga analogs kuloo mbandela izifunxi. A Uhlobo olutsha lwe filter ukuba isigqumathelo igesi Russian akazange ukhululekile kakhulu kodwa ngempumelelo.

Isigqumathelo yokuqala Zelinsky waba kuneengxaki zako. Ezi ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• Xa zilwe imeko ibhokisi imaski ukuphazamisa njengokujikeleza intloko;
• Phambi ukusebenzisa, kwabakho imfuneko ihlanjululwe, leyo kwadodobalisa phantsi lokunxibela.
• Misting, nto leyo yenza kube orienteering nzima;
• zokuphulaphula okwehlileyo kwaye akunakwenzeka enika imiyalelo ngomnxeba;
• amajoni nokubhala Russian bangazange bakwazi ukufunda imiyalelo ngaphambi kokuba uyisebenzise.

Iimaski impi

Amazwe - nxaxheba yemfazwe impiriyali akazange eme bucala ukuzama ukuphucula iindlela zokukhusela chemical. imaski French Jules Tissot, umzekelo, ubunzima iikhilogram ngaphezulu kwe ezine, ibhokisi yabekwa ngasemva, yaye absorber enza icaustic, ugalelwe ngewulu iinkuni kunye imvuthuluka netyhidiweyo. Yonke le nto, okroqiweyo ngesepha, glycerin neoli kukaCastor.

Namhlanje, kwase ngayo imaski igesi mihla kuthathwa ukuba British isigqumathelo igesi isampulu leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ngembonakalo, ngokwenene ngakumbi ngathi inguqulelo yale mihla. Kodwa amaNgesi, okanye i-French, okanye amaJamani isetyenziswe absorber le carbon. sizana ngo-1916 British eRashiya wacelwa ukuba uthumele iimaski zerhasi ezintlanu Zelinsky - Kummanta ukuba ukuhlola. Bemithi Britain wayengakholelwa izinto zobumnini ukufunxeka ezinde wamalahle. Kodwa emva kokuhlola ukusebenza ezi zixhobo, Amanyeneyo babengakwazi ukubetha noProfesa Zelinsky.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba kwakhona into yokuba Kumayeza zaye zaphuhliswa yamahashe. Kwakubonakala umdla kakhulu.

Wamkela ngenxa wakhe wokusungula nguNjingalwazi

Chemical IKomiti yoBukhosi baseRashiya bafaka isicelo kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo ukuba ibhaso lo njingalwazi ngenxa wokusungula lasindisa amawaka ubomi. Noko ke, loo nto yinto engento, hayi ukuphela. UNjingalwazi Zelinsky alikayifumani engange olunye urhulumente Russian ukuba isigqumathelo igesi Zelinsky. unjingalwazi History, asikayifumani igunya carbon lokucoca yaso eyodwa, yaye ukwala igama lomtyunjwa i-Nobel Prize naphezu. Kodwa yakhe co-umbhali, umbhali we isigqumathelo E.Kummant enziwe ngumenzi basayina isivumelwano ne-mveliso "Triangle" waza wafumana iisenti 50 ngeyunithi nganye iimpahla ethunyelwe emkhosini - ikomiti mveliso yaseRashiya. Bafihla Zelinsky wenza ngusozigidi Emond Kummanta.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba eRashiya akukho lesikhumbuzo UProfesa ND Zelinskii, nangona igama lakhe kuthiwa Institute eSt - Pererburge.

Entle, ukuba indalo iimaski baqalisa kunye ziqaliswe inkonzo ye-arhente imfazwe chemical. Le ngxelo okungalungile. Indlela yokuqala yokhuseleko yasungulwa ngeenjongo uxolo, yaye emva kokuba zazisetyenziswa emfazweni. Ukhuselo oogqirha kunye nabongikazi, ukusetyenziswa, ukukhusela abasebenzi abathi udibane nazo izinto ezinobungozi - ezi eziphambili ezingundoqo nayiphi na imisebenzi yophando.