Artistic nobugcisa iimfuno zoluntu

Ngokutsho iziphumo ngabembi kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba nokuba abantu bakudala yaba iimfuno yobuhle yinqobo kuye. Uphando lufumanise iisampuli lwemizobo nomqolomba okuyo esele yenziwe malunga 30 engamawaka eyadlulayo. Nditsho ke, le ndoda waphupha engqongwe avumelana, izinto ezintle.

Iindlela neemfuneko umthombo ubuhle

Ngubani na iimfuno zobugcisa? Kukho iindlela ezintathu ukuya nokuqonda le kota.

hedonism

Theory uyolo zobugcisa (hedonism) ibandakanya imbono endalo njengomthombo ephambili iziyolo. UYohane. Locke wathi amagama afana "ubuhle", "zintle" ngengqiqo yabantu zimela ezo izinto eziya "ukuhenda ukuziva ukuzonwabisa kunye novuyo." Loo ndlela lula ukubonakala iimfuno hedonic-aesthetic yokuluka kwakhokelela inkangeleko nobuhle zovavanyo.

Ngunozala oku kucingwa G. Fechner psychophysics. Yobuhle kufuneka ingqalelo imfuneko ukudala iimeko ulonwabo kubuhle. Ferhner bazama neqela lamavolontiya, idini izandi kubo, imibala. Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo kokuba systematized, kunye result ukuba bekunokwenzeka ukuseka i "imithetho" iziyolo kubuhle:

• embundwini;
• eqinisa;
• nemvisiswano;
• ukucaciselwa;
• akukho ukuphikisana;
• ubudlelwane kubuhle.

Kwimeko kuqondana kunye iimpawu zendalo yokulola parameters umntu ungajongana mnandi ngokwenene koko wabona izinto zendalo. Ithiyori wafumana ukusetyenziswa yayo inkcubeko ethandwayo kunye noyilo mveliso. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abaninzi kunandipha Imbonakalo yeemoto imali eninzi, kodwa hayi zonke ikhona imfuneko ubuhle ukuqwalasela imisebenzi Expressionists German.

Imfundiso uvelwano

Le ndlela sikuko yokuba kukho transfer lifumana umsebenzi othile, ngathi umntu ithelekisa nabo. Schiller art ubona njengethuba ukuba 'iimvakalelo zabanye zibe namava abo. " Inkqubo uvelwano ibonakala. Le mbono anelise iimfuno zobugcisa kunye Ngoncedo lwemifanekiso, "wadala yi imithetho."

indlela ephawulekayo

Kulo mzekelo, iimfuno zobugcisa lomntu ingqalelo uhlobo ubulumko nokuqonda. Le mbono olugcinwe yi-Aristotle. Abaxhasi le ndlela ingqalelo ezobugcisa ukucinga ngobuchule. Bakholelwa ukuba ubuhle iimfuno zomntu ukumnceda bafunde ngehlabathi.

"Psychology of Art"

L. S. Vygotsky kumsebenzi wakhe kuhlalutywa ngxaki. Wayekholelwa ukuba iimfuno ubuhle ubuchule bomntu luhlobo elikhethekileyo ngokwasentlaweni yehlabathi lakhe yenyama. Ngokutsho ingcamango ochazwe yomsebenzi "Psychology of Art", umbhali uqinisekile ukuba Ngoncedo imisebenzi yobugcisa nga kuguqulwa inkanuko, iimvakalelo, iimvakalelo zakho, okuguqula yokungazi kwezemfundo. Kulo mzekelo, loo mntu unalo imo umsindo, ukukhanya ebonakala, ekupheliseni kuphikisana iimvakalelo, ingqiqo imeko yabo entsha. Ngenxa wokuqhuba ombane lwangaphakathi ngoncedo lobugcisa, kukho izizathu yokwenene ngakumbi umsebenzi kubuhle. Ngexesha ukuyilwa incasa ethile obugcisa, ngokutsho Vygotsky, kwaye kukho imfuneko yemfundo kubuhle. Umntu elungele ukufunda ithiyori, ukuba ukuphinda-amava engacingele ukufunda izinto zobugcisa obubonwayo.

Njengoko uphuhliso ngamava yoluntu, ukuba umphakathi, ukutshintsha isimo sengqondo ubuhle, umnqweno ukudala. Ngenxa inkqubela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu wadibana impumelelo ezahlukahlukeneyo inkcubeko yehlabathi. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubela yala maxesha ubugcisa kunye nobugcisa iimfuno zabantu, yalungiswa inkalo yokomoya zobuntu. Bona kuchaphazela creative ulwalathiso, ubukrelekrele, ubuchule kunye Ujoliso iminqweno, isimo sengqondo abanye abantu. Xa engekho umthamo aveliswe Umbono zobugcisa lobuntu aziyi kuba nako ukuphumeza bona ehlabathini ezintle ezininzi. Kulo mzekelo, kuya kuba nzima ukuthetha malunga nenkcubeko. Formation komgangatho kunokwenzeka ngokusekelwe zemfundo okunenjongo kubuhle.

Ukubaluleka kophuhliso yenkcubeko

Hlalutya iimfuno eziphambili kubuhle. Imizekelo eliphezulu-grade imfundo ubuhle ngokubaluleka leefekthi zembali iqinisekisiwe. Iimfuneko angumthombo isicwangciso ubuhle kuphuhliso ehlabathini. WoMntu a kwezentlalo, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba self-ukuqaphela ukuba uzive ukufaneleka kwayo, yesidingo. Ukunganeliseki kubangela ndlongo, ifuthe elibi isimo sengqondo yomntu.

Yintoni imfuneko

Nasiphi na isidalwa eziphilayo ikhona yi impahla yokusebenzisa eziyimfuneko ebomini. Isiseko sale nkqubo yimfuneko okanye iimfuno. Zama ukufumana inkcazelo kolu luvo. M. P. Ershov emsebenzini wakhe "Intswelo Human" ibonisa ukuba kukho imfuno emandla ingcambu wobomi, yaye olu phawu uphawu zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Ukholelwa imfuneko ethile impahla ephilayo, leyo izahlule kwihlabathi ezingaphiliyo.

Zobulumko zamandulo

Iinkcuba eRoma yamandulo kunye Greece yamandulo ukufunda nzulu ingxaki iimfuno zabanye, nkqu likwazile ukuphumeza ezinye iziphumo ezincumisayo. Democritus sidingo ichazwa ukuqhuba amandla eliyintloko batshintsha ingqondo yomntu, yamnceda ukufumana intetho, ulwimi, ukufumana umkhwa yabasebenzi esebenzayo. Ukuba abantu abazange babe iimfuno ezinjalo, inge ihleli zasendle, abangayi kuba nako ukwenza uluntu ekuhlaleni ziphuhliswe, zikhona kulo bekuya. Heraclitus wayeqinisekile ukuba zenzeka kuxhomekeka kwiimeko zobomi. Kodwa sobulumko kuqatshelwe ukuba umnqweno ukuba nengqiqo ukuba umntu unako ukuphucula ubuchule babo ngokwasengqondweni. UPlato iyahlula zonke iimfuno zamaqela ezininzi:

• zaseprayimari, apho kuyila "umphefumlo asezantsi";
• aphakamileyo, ekwaziyo wokusungula ungubani elifanelekileyo.

modernity

Ixabiso lomgangatho data French izinto wanika kwenkulungwane ye-17 emva kwexesha. Umzekelo, P. Holbach wathi ngoncedo iimfuno umntu ukulawula uthando lwakhe, ukuthanda kunye nobukrelekrele, ukuphuhlisa ngokuzimeleyo. NGChernyshevsky nezidingo kunye nomsebenzi nasengqondweni nawuphi na umntu. Wayeqinisekile ukuba ubomi bakhe indoda ukutshintsha izinto kunye neemfuno, leyo yeyona nto ephambili yophuhliso rhoqo umsebenzi ngobuchule. Nangona umahluko kakhulu babeneembono, singatsho ukuba izimvo evakaliswe zizazinzulu, zifana ezininzi. Bonke Ukuqaphela ukuzalana phakathi iimfuno kunye nemisebenzi yabantu. Esi sithintelo ngumnqweno ukutshintsha izinto ngcono, bafumane indlela yokusombulula le ngxaki. Imfuno nga kuthathelwa ingqalelo icandelo likarhulumente lwangaphakathi ekumgangatho wabantu noshowo umsebenzi ngamandla, nto leyo lujolise ekuveliseni iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo. Kwiincwadi zakhe, uKarl Max ithintelwe ke lo mba ingqalelo ngokwaneleyo, eqonda ukubaluleka echaza uhlobo kombono. Waphawula ukuba kufuneka kukho ibango lakhe nawuphi na umsebenzi, ukuvumela umntu othile ukufumana indawo yabo eluntwini. indlela enjalo yendalo kusekelwe ubudlelwane phakathi ubume bendalo kunye nohlobo zembali elithile unxibelelwano noluntu, esebenza njenge ibhulorho phakathi iimfuno kunye nohlobo kwabantu. siye kuphela ke ukuthetha malunga nokuzazi, Marx wakholwa, xa umntu ayiphelelanga iimfuno zabo, kodwa lisebenzisana kunye nabanye abantu.

ukuzichaza

Okwangoku kukho ezininzi iinketho zokuhlelwa iimfuno zabantu. UEpicurus (bulumko yamaGrike) wahlula zibe yendalo kuyimfuneko. Kwimeko ukungoneliseki phakathi kwabantu apho bayahlupheka. KUFUNEKA wabiza unxibelelwano nabanye abantu. Ukuba umntu unako ukufeza isakhono sakho, kufuneka ukuba imizamo ezinzulu. Ngokubhekiselele kwanayo, ubutyebi, ubunewunewu, into ukufumana kubo yingxaki kakhulu, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuphela nje ezimbalwa. Of umdla kwesi sifundo wabonakaliswa Dostoevsky. Wenza uhlelo yakhe, khetha eziphathekayo iimpahla, kuba ngaphandle kobunyulu akukho ubomi obuqhelekileyo babantu. ingqalelo eyodwa yahlawulwa iimfuno ezingqondweni, ithwele abantu, iimfuno zentlalo. Dostoevsky wayeqinisekile ukuba inqanaba lophuhliso ngokomoya ixhomekeke ngqo kwi iminqweno yakhe, iminqweno, ukuziphatha eluntwini.

amasiko ubuntu

ukwazi ubuhle yinxalenye ezingqondweni yoluntu, sezulu noshowo. Ngayo, kunye nokuziphatha sisiseko yoluntu mihla, enceda abantu ukuba bathungelane nempembelelo entle yokomoya yabantu. Xa umsebenzi wayo, kubonakala ngathi kukho intswelo yokomoya, ukubonisa isimo ukuba iimeko zangaphandle. Kuye Akanangxaki kuphuhliso kubuhle, kudaleke umntu umsebenzi, kusinceda ukuba ukusebenzisa ulwazi theoretical component.

isiphelo

Loo nto nje lokuswela kwethu, Nakulo ubukho abantu kwatsala ingqalelo iinkcuba ezininzi ezinkulu nobuntu ezibalaseleyo. Kuxhomekeka kwinqanaba yophuhliso iimpawu ezikrelekrele, umntu ngamnye kudala ngenxa ngokwayo iimfuno zalo inkqubo, ngaphandle elilubona ubukho nabakhubazekileyo zayo kakuhle. Ngokuhlakanipha umntu eziphuhlileyo, kuqala ahlawule ingqalelo iimfuno zobugcisa, kwaye ke ucinga ngezinto eziphathekayo. umanyano olunjalo lwabantu, ukuba ngamaxesha onke ubukho abantu bezithathwa ngokuba ngumzekelo omhle, umzekelo wabo walandelwa ngabanye. Yeyona imfuneko ukunxibelelana, umnqweno ukwenza into abanye abantu, kuphuhliswa amanani yezopolitiko kunye noluntu, ukuze sincede nabo self-kuphuhliso self-ukubonwa.