Methane ifomula Ezinto beemeko

indlela eziphilayo, zesakhiwo elektroniki methane zisekelwe phezu kolwazi lwesakhiwo ye-oganikhi khompawundi Butlerov. Phambi kokubhala le fomyula, siya kuqala abalinganiswa emfutshane hydrocarbon.

Iimpawu methane

Le nto uqhushululu, ikwabizwa ngokuba "nomgxobhozo" igesi. Ivumba ethile hydrocarbon umda kubo bonke. Inkqubo omlilo of kokuba usele amacandelo yemichiza yingozi emzimbeni womntu. Loo methane nokuthatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni greenhouse effect le.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Ummeli lokuqala thotho homologous of alkanes kuye kwafunyaniswa zizazinzulu kwi umoya Titan kunye Mars. Ngenxa yokuba methane linxibelelene kubukho eziphilayo Kwabonakala hypothesis ubukho ubomi kwezi iiplanethi. Kwi likaSaturn, Jupiter, nguNeptune, Uranus, imveliso methane wabonakala njengoko imichiza kwezinto eziphuma ezingaphiliyo. Phezu kwamanzi iplanethi yethu umxholo esezantsi.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Methane akukho umbala, kuya kuba lula ngakumbi umoya phantse kabini, ayiqondakali enyibilikayo emanzini. Ukubunjwa yerhasi yendalo imali efikelela 98 ekhulwini. I- oyile elidlulayo igesi iqulathe ukususela-30 ukuya kwi-90 ekhulwini methane. Xa methane ngakumbi ke imvelaphi eziphilayo.

Ungulates izilwanyana ezitya ezibhokhweni nasezinkomeni kukhutshwe nokuqwalaselwa kwi nezisu iintsholongwane imali kunokuba ebonakalayo methane. Phakathi imithombo ebalulekileyo thotho homologous of alkanes khetha anemigxobhozo, iintubi, nokuyicoca igesi yendalo yezityalo photosynthesis. Xa efumanise imizila methane emhlabeni, singathetha ubukho ubomi bakhe omzalayo.

Iindlela yokulungisa

Le ndlela yokubala eneenkcukacha noshowo methane ubungqina ukuba molecule ayo ayegcwele kuphela iibhondi olunye kwasekwa amafu hybrid. Olongezelelweyo embodiments laboratory ukulungiselela inqaku ezizizembiwa alloying okuqinileyo acetate sodium ngealkali, kwaye intsebenziswano ye-aluminiyam khabhayithi ngamanzi.

Solid methane ilangatye oluhlaza, lo gama ngokugxininisa umyalelo 39 MJ nganye imitha cubic. umxube onokudubula xa Ulobumba kweziyobisi emoyeni. Methane kakhulu eyingozi, ephuma ngexesha kwemigodi komhlaba zezimbiwa kwimigodi entabeni. zisengozini enkulu yokuba dubulo yezityalo methane kunye namalahle inzuzo kunye briquetting, kwakunye hlengisa mveliso.

ukusebenza komzimba

Ukuba ipesenti methane umoya-5 ukuya ku-16 ekhulwini, wadibana oksijini nga bile methane. Kwimeko apho kukho ukwanda okubonakalayo umxube kwemichiza kwandisa amathuba dubulo.

Ukuba umoya xi le alkane ngu 43 ekhulwini, oko unobangela ukutsarhwa.

Nesantya ukwanda andise ukusuka 500 ukuya kuma-700 eemitha ngomzuzu. Xa methane adibane kunye nobushushu, inkqubo ucinezelo alkane lwenzeka ethile ulibaziseko.

Yayilusuku kwimveliso esekelwe impahla kwezixhobo dubulo-ubungqina zombane kunye nokhuseleko components Uyadubula.

Ekubeni methane lo ezizizembiwa kakhulu thermally kuzinza ifumile, lisetyenziswa fuel mveliso kunye zasekhaya kwaye isetyenziswe ukuze imichiza amagama ekrwada ezixabisekileyo izinto. Le ndlela yokubala noshowo ethyl-tri-methane ubonakalise iimpawu noshowo amalungu ale udidi hydrocarbon.

Xa inkqubo yendlela imichiza chlorine ukwenekwa kwemitha yelanga ukuze zimiswe izinto yokusabela eziliqela. Kuxhomekeka isixa eqala inokuba kwi endaweni ukufumana chloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride.

Kwimeko yokutsha engaphelelanga methane kwakhiwa umlotha. Formaldehyde senziwa kwimeko igcwala encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Imveliso asabela yokugqibela carbon disulfide isalfure.

Iimpahla Isakhiwo methane

Yintoni ifomula wayo kwesakhiwo? IMethane ibhekisa hydrocarbon ifumile ukuba indlela jikelele C _n H _{2n + 2.} Cinga zinemoletyhule Ukwakheka ethile ukucacisa indlela ekwenzeka ngayo ifomula kwesakhiwo.

IMethane elakhiwe ngekhaya elinye carbon atom kunye athom ezine hydrogen kwadityaniswa yi dipole mzuzu covalent bond. Sicacisa ukuba isakhiwo ngokusekelwe noshowo athom ifomula carbon.

View hybridization

Ukuma komhlaba methane esibonakala isakhiwo tetrahedral. Ekubeni ngaphandle kwi elektroni carbon ezine Valence, electron shintsho lwenzeka kwi ukufudumeza atom owesibini s-orbitals kwi p. Ngenxa yoko, izinga amandla yokugqibela kwi le carbon ibekwe ezine unpaired ( "free") electron. formula elipheleleyo noshowo methane isekelwe kwinto yokuba lokusekwa zamafu ezine hybrid leyo utsaleleka emajukujukwini kwi-engile degrees 109 imizuzu-28, ezakha isakhiwo tetrahedron. Ngaphezu koko akukho idlulela eziphezulu amafu hybrid ne non-gqith athom amafu hydrogen.

ifomula Full lwezakhiwo methane yinto enye idibana ngokupheleleyo imfundiso Butlerova. Phakathi carbon yehayidrojini iintlobo ezilula bond (single), ukuze reactions yamachiza hayi uxhulumaniso ekuso.

Apha ngezantsi ifomula noshowo ekugqibeleni. IMethane - nguye ummeli yokuqala iklasi ka hydrocarbon ifumile, iye iipropati ezithile ukunciphisa alkane. E ifomula lokwakheka methane ukuqinisekisa uhlobo hybridization le carbon atom kulo mbandela eziphilayo.

Kwikhondo chemistry yesikolo

Olu udidi lwe hydrocarbon, ummeli nto leyo "igesi kumgxobhozo", wafunda ngethuba iklasi 10 kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Ngokomzekelo, abantwana ecetywayo umsebenzi olandelayo ubhalo: "Bhala ifomula noshowo methane". Kufuneka iqondwe into kuphela loqwalaselo eneenkcukacha zokusebenza le nto ziipeyintiwe kwithiyori Butlerova.

ifomula lakhe anciphise of_ Danka izakubanye njenge ezinto, ebhalwe ngohlobo CH4. Phantsi imigangatho yemfundo federal ezitsha ebekwe ngokunxulumene ngokuhlanganisa yemfundo Russian kule khosi chemistry olusisiseko kuyo yonke imiba enxulumene iimpawu kwiiklasi kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuqonda elibukhali.

yokuqaphela industrial

iinkqubo zoshishino IMethane-based enjalo yingxenye ebalulekile amachiza ziqulunqwe njenge iasithilini. Isiseko nokuqhekeka thermal okanye ugesi kanye ifomula yayo noshowo. Methane igcwala ekujonganeni of ammonia ukwakha hydrocyanic acid.

Faka eli izinto eziphilayo ukuze imveliso igesi yokuqaphela. Ukusabela nge umphunga, umxube carbon monoxide yehayidrojini, ezo izinto ukuze umda yemveliso ye-alkoholi monohydric, iikhompawundi carbonyl.

Okubaluleke kakhulu indlela ne-nitric acid, leyo nitromethane.

Ukusetyenziswa fuel motor

Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemithombo yendalo hydrocarbon, kwakunye ukudinwa kwezinto zokusebenza, ingakumbi umba efanelekileyo enxulumene ukufunwa (enye) imithombo ezintsha isibaso. Enye olo khetho biodiesel, eziquka apho methane.

Ngenxa umahluko lexinene phakathi amafutha nepetroli kunye nelungu lokuqala kudidi lwe alkanes, kukho iimpawu ezithile kwisicelo sayo njengomthombo wamandla engines imoto. Ukwenzela ukuphepha mfuneko yokuba ithwale eninzi methane, ngenxa ucinezelo ukunyusa ingxinano yayo (phantsi koxinzelelo malunga 250 kwemimoya). IMethane agcinwe likarhulumente engamanzi iisilinda esifakelwe kwisithuthi.

Ukwazi emoyeni

Sele saxubusha into yokuba methane inefuthe abamba. Ukuba iqondo yesenzo carbon monoxide (4) kwimozulu ngokuqhelekileyo kuthathwe umanyano, ngoko 'igesi nomgxobhozo' ukuba maqhezu iiyunithi-23. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo, izazinzulu ziye baphawula ukwanda isiqulatho ubungakanani methane Umoya ojikeleze umhlaba.

Okwangoku, esi sixa elisondeleyo _CH4 iqikelelwa iinxalenye 1.8 lezigidi zeetoni. Nangona eli nani amaxesha 200 ngaphantsi kwe ubukho carbon dioxide, kukho ingxoxo phakathi izazinzulu malunga nengozi ulungiso ubushushu ekhutshwa yi-langa kunokwenzeka.

Ngenxa calorific obalaseleyo 'igesi nomgxobhozo' isetyenziswa kuphela nje feedstock ekuqhubeni le njini imichiza, kodwa njengomthombo wamandla.

Umzekelo, methane zisebenza iindidi ngeendidi boilers eza-, imihlathi, eyenzelwe iinkqubo zokufudumeza ngamnye kumakhaya zabucala zokuhlala lizwe.

Olunjalo ukhetho self-ukufudumeza kuyanceda kakhulu abaninimzi, akazalani kwengozi, ukuthatha ngokucwangcisiweyo indawo kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza kwindawo enye. gas kwibhoyila Ngenxa osebenza uhlobo elinikiweyo zepetroli, kwanele ukuba imizuzu eli-15-20 ukwenzela ukuba shushu ngokupheleleyo indlu ezinemigangatho emibini.

isiphelo

IMethane, noshowo kunye neefomula ngemolekyula kuzo ziye ezinikwe apha ngentla, omnye umthombo amandla endalo. Ngenxa yokuba oko kuquka kuphela carbon yehayidrojini athom, kwemvelo ingqalelo ukhuseleko zokusingqongileyo hydrocarbon ifumile.

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo (ubushushu umoya ka-20 degrees Celsius kunye noxinzelelo ka-101325 Pa) iziyobisi kuba sukube, non-ityhefu, amanzi ezingenakunyibilika.

Kwimeko lobushushu umoya ithotywe degrees -161, oko methane ukwazi ukuba sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kushishino.

Methane nefuthe kwimpilo yabantu. Asinto into ityhefu, kodwa yigesi ubhobhoyi. Kukho imida bade (Mac) kwi umxholo imichiza apha emoyeni.

Umzekelo, ukusebenza kwimigodi abavumelekanga kuphela kwiimeko apho imali ingadluli kwi-cubic meter to milligrams 300. Ukuhlalutya iimpawu isakhiwo salo mbandela ephilayo kunokwenzeka ukugqiba ukuba kufano iipropati yemichiza ngokwasemzimbeni kunye namanye onke amalungu odidi lwe ifumile (mda) hydrocarbon.

Siye ngokuhlalutywa indlela lwesakhiwo, ulwakhiwo lwendawo methane. series Homologous eqala "igesi nomgxobhozo" liye _n H jikelele ezinto formula C _{2n + 2.}