Amanzi olwandle

Isisombululo UN waqala le minyaka Usuku Water World, nto leyo lubhiyozelwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo ngomhla wama-22 kuMatshi. Ngale imisebenzi namhla, injongo yokugcina kunye nophuhliso lwezibonelelo zamanzi ukuba ibekwe emilanjeni, emachibini, imijelo, ukugcinwa, iilwandle kunye neelwandle, imithombo komhlaba ukunyakama komhlaba, ezibandayo kunye ntaba okanye umphunga apha emoyeni. Zonke izibonelelo ziquka komhlaba kunye nemithombo komhlaba kwaye zingasetyenziswa okanye esetyenziselwa iimfuno zabantu. Umthamo uwonke (elulwelo, sukube okanye eziqinileyo) eMhlabeni 1.39 billion cubic metres, yaye kuphela ngaphantsi kwe-3% yazo zonke izibonelelo eziyimfuneko kwi izinto ezintsha.

Xa ezilwandle na isixa esikhulu samanzi (malunga nama 98%) yemithombo kumphezulu. Chemistry ngayo kuyahlukana nedlela indawo kunye nexesha lonyaka. amanzi oLwandle iqulethe ion zichithakala nje okungakumbi naluphi na uhlobo olutsha. Kwakhona, licacile umahluko ratio kwezinto ichithwe kuyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiilwandle kunye neelwandle eziqulethwe malunga amaxesha 2.8 yesoda ngaphezu emilanjeni, kodwa inani izinyo kubo ngokunxulumene zonke ion onyibilikisiweyo usezantsi kakhulu (0.14%) ngaphandle imithombo emlanjeni (48%). Oku kungenxa ngexesha ezahlukeneyo yokuhlala lezinyibilikisi. ion sodium kunye yeKhlorini iqhawulwa, lo gama calcium into sivete njenge carbonate. Ngomhla umxholo ion ixhaphakileyo ikhilogram enye yamanzi olwandle zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• chloro (0.546 abamenzelayo);
• sodium (0.469 abamenzelayo);
• magnesium (0.0528 Mol);
• sulfate (0.0282 abamenzelayo);
• calcium (0.0103 abamenzelayo);
• potassium (0.0102 Mol).

Enye izikhombisi ibalulekileyo, nto leyo luphawulwa emanzini olwandle - it is. It akalwa mille (‰) ngasinye yaye eyahlukileyo zonke iilwandle kunye neelwandle. Ixabiso avareji ye etyuwa ka 35 ‰, ngamanye ilitha 1 isisombululo 35 g iityuwa, ubukhulu becala sodium chloride. Ngenxa etyuwa avareji ubume eziziziqalelo amanzi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• oksijini, 85,84%;
• H 10,82%;
• chlorine 1,94%;
• 1,1292% wemagniziyam;
• Sodium 1,08%;
• sulphur 0,091%;
• 0.04% calcium;
• Potassium 0.04%;
• 0,0067% bromine;
• 0,0028% carbon.

Ulwandle-sangqa kumphandle kwi-25 ° C ine avareji ukuxinana 1,025 g / cm3 - mkhulu kunalowo luyiyo ogama lexinene kwi 25c ilingana 1,003 g / cm3. Density - a ubuninzi emzimbeni ukuba ukuxhomekeka ngqo kwi xi netyuwa isichasi lobushushu. Okukhona ichithwe neetyuwa ze-mninzi ephakamileyo. Inowuthi lobushushu emanzini olwandle, kokukhona lexinene. Iqondo lobushushu kwi 3,52S esiphezulu thabatha ngenxa zaselwandle kunye 3,98S plus nyulu. Kodwa ezi nqobo kuphela ziyahluka ukusuka kumthombo ukuya kumthombo, kodwa kuxhomekeke kubunzulu apho ezibalwa. Kubunzulu ezinkulu loxinano unako ukufikelela amaxabiso ka-1,050 g / cm3 okanye ngaphezulu. Ukutshintsha kuqamba loqobo nelomyinge njengoko kubonakala ngokucacileyo ixabiso le-pH, leyo iyahluka ngaphakathi 7,5-8,4 (okwanamhlanje obrak medium), kwaye ngenxa yobume ion lichithakale ingqondo yabo. Phezulu pH komhlaba kunokuba kubunzulu. Cala okanye kancinci acid abe bume iindawo freshened. Ixabiso eliphezulu le-pH (lisezantsi lwee- ion ze-hydrogen) isoloko ambona kumphezulu elwandle.

Iqondo lobushushu qa kwamanzi olwandle lehla nge etyuwa olwandayo (lwee- neetyuwa lichithakale). Nge-avareji etyuwa ayaqina kubushushu kwi thabatha 2C. Ngo-2010, oko kwabhalwa kwimbali lobushushu eliphantsi emanzini phantsi glacier Antarctic xa kulinganiswa thabatha 2,6S. Kukho nezinye iimpawu ezibonisa umahluko phakathi imithombo kunye Ukwahluka yazo ngokuxhomekeke nezinye iparameters. Umzekelo, isantya nesandi e 0C. Udlula kwimekobume yaselwandle 1 yesibini m 1450, kwaye ehlambulukileyo -. 1407 amanzi oLwandle m kwi-25c has a viscosity olutshintshayo 9,02 millipuaza. Ukuze okusingqongileyo kucocekile, iimpawu ezifanayo ikwiqondo lobushushu enye ilingana 8,09 millipuaza.

amanzi oLwandle asetyenziswe ekuseleni ngenxa xi ophezulu iityuwa kwezimbiwa. Na xa ukusetyenziswa kwaso kufuneka sisele kakhulu ulwelo ecocekileyo ngakumbi ukuba zazise bonke wafumana ityuwa kwakhe emzimbeni. Ngoko kusela kuphela amanzi acocekileyo, akuba uyapheliswa kuwo akukho ngaphezulu kwe 0.001 g / iityuwa cm3. Ngenxa kokufakwa yayo zokwakha ukushiyeka, usebenzisa iindlela ezizodwa ekunciphiseni xi ityiwa. Ezi ziquka ukuqanda, neyanamhlanje, electrolysis, exchange ion, reverse kucocwa, ukwahlukana (ukwahlukana hydrodynamic). Hi xikombiso, ku Kazakhstan, Aktau (eyayisaziwa ngokuba Shevchenko) yakhiwa ngo-1972 waza wasebenza phantse engama-30, isityalo yehlabathi kuphela yenyukliya amandla kwetyuwa emanzini.