Experiments Pavlov - kumnandi

Sekunjalo mpikiswano elidlulileyo malunga nokuba kwakukho Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, umphengululi enkulu ngexesha lakhe, okanye ngokuzithandela kwakhe wokwenene ukubona ukubandezeleka 'kwiiwadi' yakhe. Masizame ukulahla iimvakalelo uze ujonge yonke into ngokungaqhutywa luluvo.

Kakuhle eli wokulinga

I. P. Pavlov zaselebhu yakhe, ibekwe kufuphi St. Petersburg, Koltushi, wavavanya, ukufunda ezisebenza ukubunjwa reflex conditioner. befunda, abaphengululi olwenziwa ezinjeni. Wonke umsebenzi lwaqhutywa kwindawo uhlobo 'iinqaba cwaka "- a bodwa indawana ekhethekile usegumbini apho kwakungekho ezenzeka ngaphandle ezinokuchaphazela ekuhlambululeni nokuhlola. Scientist ngexesha elifanayo ubukele izilwanyana ngokusebenzisa inkqubo iindondo ezizodwa ngawo yena wahlala ezingabonakaliyo yenja. Inja nalo elirekhodiweyo umatshini okhethekileyo, owawenza intshukumo yakhe.

Ingqwalasela kumava kaPawulos inikwa ngendlela izinja basabela njani amathe ndlala kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle. Ukulungiselela le njongo, isilwanyana wenza utyando, kukukhupha esinobubovu duct amathe ngokwangaphandle ukuba nje ukurekhoda ubukho amathe, ekuqaleni kwayo, ukwanda kunye nomgangatho mathe. Pavlov ngoko wazama ukuba isilwanyana impendulo olunemiqathango kwizivuseleli ngaphambili cala - isandi, ukukhanya. Ukongeza, ukuphuma-ukubeka nesiphelo kuvuleke iminxunya esweni imveliso yejusi esiswini ezinjeni.

experiments Pavlov ka-classical kwi izinja bafumanisa ukuba xa nangoko isilwanyana emva Metronome kuvunyelwa ukuba akondle. Emva iinzame eziliqela inja yaqalisa zivuze izinkcwe kwi isandi Metronome. Amava kunye Pavlov isibane esebenze mgaqo, kodwa endaweni Metronome kusetyenziswa ibhalbhu eqhelekileyo, emva kokuba inja ifumene ukutya. Ngoko ke ngaphambi kokuba ube njengomphambukeli isilwanyana waba yimbangi kukho umfutho kwangaphandle, leyo baqala ukumbiza reflex conditioner. Ngelishwa, asingabo bonke zizinto ezo ngozi. Ekuhloleni yakhe, Pavlov wasebenzisa umsinga wombane, izohlwayo ezahlukeneyo.

bangazisebenzisa

Omnye weyona mizekelo umdla yemifuniselo kukuphuhlisa Pavlov ikhaliphe moya kwi coyotes ukuya incasa wenkunzi. Ngokuba ukuvela le reflex coyotes baphosa anetyhefu iigusha inyama. Okumangalisayo kukuba, emva kwexesha yokuqala abasekho enithiyela inyama iigusha kubopheleleka ukuba kuvela kubo emva oluthile yakhe yokwamkelwa. nangoko Abalimi abaninzi Ayithimba ebhodini.

Indima ye-eksperimenti

Ithiyori ngemvelaphi ikhaliphe moya wenza ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka eyadlulayo, nanamhla isahleli iyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimbali ngengqondo. Nkqu iisayikholojisti mihla kukhokelwa iziphumo zabakubonileyo of Pavlov kwi unyango ukuphazamiseka ezithile engqondweni, ngokunjalo ngokwakha impendulo zokuziphatha.

izinja Pavlov kaThixo

Uninzi lwemisebenzi ukuba umthambo zomkhosi zenziwa, yaphela ukungaphumeleli isilwanyana. Njengokuba Pavlov ngokwakhe wathi xa usika aze atshabalalise silwanyana ophilileyo, ukuba ayisayicinezeli sisingcikivo abuhlungu, ukuba waphula indlela yokuluka. Kodwa wenza oko kuphela ngenxa yenyaniso nangenxa ezilungileyo ebantwini. Ngokubonisa ngee-eksperimenti zakhe, Pavlov zonke utyando kwenziwa kuphela phantsi zomzimba, ukuze ukuba ukubandezeleka olongezelelweyo isilwanyana. Ngomhla nesihlobo sisazinzulu izityholo zakhe yaye uthi efakwe eSt Petersburg lesikhumbuzo inja.

Ngoku dog Pavlov kaThixo - ayikho nje esisimumu uvavanyo isilwanyana. Ku va nkolo yokwenene, iqhawe nomntu ogulayo ubunzima ngenxa inzululwazi ukunceda wonke umntu. Malunga naye wadubula lukhulu kweefilimu, ebhaliweyo inani elikhulu iincwadi zesikhumbuzo. Nangona kokufa kwakhe, inkumbulo lesi silwanyana usahleli. Igama kanye Pavlov nayiphi na kuthi ezinxulumene ngqo ne inja, ngoko ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba oku kunjalo ezinqabileyo xa iinkumbulo izilwanyana zovavanyo abasindayo kukhunjulwa sisazinzulu enkulu.

isiphelo

Ngoko kwabakho sisazinzulu olukhulu Pavlov? Lo mbuzo kuphendulwa ayintsokothanga HIV kuphela. Kodwa nokuba iindlela zakhe igwetyelwe na? Akukho impendulo enye.

Alithandabuzeki elokuba, ngegalelo lakhe bengqondo yinto gqitha, kodwa, ngelishwa, ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka kubingelela ngenxa inzululwazi ngabanye nemigangatho eyamkelekileyo. Singalibali ke ukuba zonke izilwanyana asindileyo kwi sisazinzulu ukuba pension ubomi obude. Ndingathanda ukucinga ukuba kuphela ngenxa nangakumbi kokuma.