Amakhulu Black - inkqubo ye Amakhulu Black ...

Abantu bafunda kwizikolo Soviet, baqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba Amakhulu Black - oku bigots kunye namatshijolo. Akukho mathandabuzo ngalo amanqaku wayengekho abathanda kwi ezinye engile ukujonga abantu wahlela zaqalwa igazi kwizixeko eRashiya, ingakumbi eMoscow Odessa.

Amakhulu Black iingcamango abaphilayo namhlanje. Xa ezinawo ethile yabemi kukho umdla kubo. ixesha yethu ephawulekayo kuba yonke imibuzo anokufunyanwa, banikwe amanqaku ezahlukeneyo zemboniselo, uze uzame ukwenza uluvo lwakho ngale ntshukumo.

nosaziwayo livelana le Amakhulu Black

Kunika umdla aqhelane inkqubo Amakhulu Black, ukuba nje ngokuba umfazi kunye nentombi F. M. Dostoevskogo, owathetha malunga nakwenzeka okulungileyo, olusekelwe phezu ubuncinane nethontsi iphalale igazi umntwana, baba chernosotenkami esebenzayo. We wabaphatha Archpriest Ioann Kronshtadsky kunye igcisa uVictor Vasnetsov. Mendeleev, Michurin, umthetheli-Cruiser "Varyag" Rudnev - a Amakhulu Black, singasathethi ke amanani 500 zeCawa Orthodox, kamva wabhekisela "New nkolo of Russia." Phakathi kwabo kwakukho uBhishophu Tikhon elizayo, Metropolitan Bellavin.

iingcambu enempilo

Ngoko, kwakukho abathile ingcamango entle kwinkqubo yalo mbutho? Kwaye yintoni uhlobo igama kukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha iye umthunzi eloyikekayo kangaka? Umbhali-mbali Vladimir Mohnach uthi "Amakhulu Black - oku abameli lwentando yesininzi yoluntu esixekweni." Ekuqaleni

Kutheni kunjalo? Ngenxa amakhulu tsarist eRussia ngokuba kwisahlulo yangaphakathi esixekweni. Kwakukho amakhulu emhlophe, eziquka kwezakhi eliphezulu labemi ayihlawuli irhafu kurhulumente, namnyama - yokunxiba. Of abameli idemokhrasi ezidolophini (abarhwebi, amagcisa) kunye namaqela kwasekwa Kuzma Minin, wagxothwa yesicelo kunye nezibonda negalelo ukuphela eRashiya Xesha Iingxaki.

Enye ideologists

A zinkuni kakhulu trend 1900-1917 igama ukuya VA Gringmut, omnye ideologists eziphambili Black Hundred intshukumo. Yena waba ngummeli akrelekrele enjalo yaloo imbali wayengekho inkokheli zopolitiko ukweyisela lasekunene-iphiko, kodwa njengoko wayemphanga kunye obscurantist (obscurantist, nobutshaba kwinzululwazi, inkqubela kunye nemfundo), apho olo wayechaphazeleka ngurhulumente tsarist ngo-1906 ukuya enkundleni.

Ngokutsho Amakhulu Gringmut Black - le bangi alwela ekulondolozweni inviolability of lobuzwilakhe, Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba efak 'enkulu-amandla, nokonyanywa kwamaJuda bile ngqo.

Enye uqikelelo intshukumo owayephila

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane na intshukumo mva kakhulu ebisebenza kangangokuba yaziwa ngokuba "Black-Hundred yokoyika 1905-1907." Ngeli xesha ke nokubulala esaqungeni M. Ya. Gertsenshteyna kunye G. B. Iollosa (Central Committee yeCadet Party) kwaye akukho iinzame ngaphantsi resonant ukuya P. N. Milyukova kunye ex-Prime Minister Witte, apho amanye amalungu intshukumo (i Gringmut efanayo) kuye ekhethelwe elinye leentshaba zayo eziphambili. . S. Yu Vitte ayekholelwa ukuba Amakhulu Black - oku, enyanisweni, abameli bemibutho ubuzwe, iingcamango ezingahlawulwanga isekelwe sizathu kunye wabanumzana, kunye neenkanuko, kwaye nje ukuba akukho luck kunye neenkokheli, phakathi baba rascals emininzi kunye nabantu iingcinga ezimdaka kunye neemvakalelo. Kule isimbo omkhulu, wathetha malunga pogrom-abenzi abaye lahlela kubulawa. iintsapho zamaYuda batshabalala phantsi kwesigwagwiso "Shaya amaYuda usindise Russia!". Kodwa ke ex-prime balungiselele, wayebhekisela usinga le Amakhulu Black, ngokucacileyo wayebhekisela ingcamango kokuqalisa intshukumo, olusekelwe phezu isilogeni Slavophiles ungubani Russian saso, yahlukile kwindlela wasentshona zophuhliso.

movement ukuyama

Ngoko ke ngubani na ke? Bathe phangalala imibutho kude ekunene zinkuni eRashiya iminyaka 1906-1917 - oku Amakhulu Black. zange akwazile, ngethamsanqa, ukuba sibumbane ibe qela eyayiza bandise ubuchule babo phinda. Phambi kokuvela igama oqhelekileyo amaqela saa ababezibiza "namaqhawe", "Russian ngokwenene", "monarchists".

Izayamaniso inkulu Amakhulu abamnyama "Union of Abantu Russian (intloko - AI Dubrovin)," Russian Monarchist Party "(unguyise - VA Gringmut). Enye wabaseki mbutho lokubhala-ngendeb 'Union Mihaila Arhangela "uba VM Purishkevich. Kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya ukuba imisebenzi Amakhulu Black saa yaye ngokufuthi zisilwa wokulawulwa ezithengwa "IBhunga of the United wabanumzana", wadala ngoMeyi 1906 ngenkxaso ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente tsarist. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amapolisa yoBukhosi baseRashiya ingqalelo Black kumaqela Hundred bemanyene ngomsebenzi wayo uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubo. Kunye "Council of the United yezikhulu" umbutho zinkuni "Russian Union of Abantu" kwasekwa eMoscow. Abaseki kunye neenkokheli baba Sheremetiev umzalwana, Prince Troubetzkoy kunye Shcherbatov. Kwakhona Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Golitsyn (Muravlin) yaba Amakhulu Black. Ezi "ifani Russian yobuqaqawuli" ababenxulumana Amakhulu Black. Bonke bephela ababetsaleleke ingcinga ephambili, yeSabelo kwinkqubo intshukumo, - i inviolability yookumkani, ubunye lobuzwilakhe kunye nabantu.

ukunyaniseka angapheli le lobuzwilakhe

monarchists kakhulu, ebizwa kwangokunjalo Amakhulu Black, eRashiya i inkampu endala, apho, ngokutsho kwezinye imithombo, ababalwayo emva kokoyiswa revolution abantu 1905-1907 ukuya 410 lamawaka. Inkqubo Amakhulu Black ngokusisiseko lathembela kwithiyori uhlanga ekuthiwa ezisemthethweni, exhaswa yi-Russian nguMphathiswa weMfundo S. S. Uvarov (kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX). Waba indlela amathathu ukuba ozakuthathwa ingcamango esisiseko e-worldwork theory Uvarov: Orthodox, lobuzwilakhe, Ubuzwe. lobuzwilakhe Unlimited, kwakunye Orthodox, ngubani ekuqaleni ndandicinga ukuba Amakhulu Black imvelaphi Russian, kwafuneka ukuba ahlale lecebo yaye iinguqulelo akadingi eRussia.

Kunyenyiswe imiqathango kwiimeko vumela Amakhulu Black

Noko ke, ezinye iinkqubo zabo ziquka nenkululeko ezahlukeneyo - unqulo, intetho, ibandla, cinezela, umbutho, kwaye inviolability lomntu. Ngoko ke, akumangalisi ukuba abaninzi abantu abahambisani kunye Amakhulu Black. Ngaba ngenkani kakhulu nenkqubo reactionaries agrarian ukubonelela amafama athengise umhlaba kuphela vacant zikarhulumente (akukho kohluthwa abaqeshisi), uphuhliso lweenkqubo irente kunye ngetyala.

Ngoko ke, njengoko kanti, ukuba kukho ukusilela kwinkqubo ye-Black Amakhulu emibuzo kazwelonke. Omnye yaye ayahlukahlukenanga eRashiya, ngokoluvo lwabo, kufuneka zisekelwe ubuntshovu, leyo wathabatha iifomu kakhulu yaye yaba nenkani anti-kwamaJuda.

inko-

Amakhulu Black izimvo kwinginginya ubunzima iincwadi ezifana "hlaba Russian" yaye "eMoscow News", "iphepha Pochaev" yaye "Bell". Kananjalo "zemshchina", "Ukuna" yaye "Veche", "Kievlyanin" yaye "Citizen". Inkxaso ngaphezu ezinamandla. Baya negalelo yokuba inkqubo Amakhulu Black iye waqhelana kwaye liyenze inani elikhulu abaqeshisi, abefundisi, abarhwebi, abasebenzi kunye nabalimi, amachule kunye nabameli zombini oohlohlesakhe ezincinane nezinkulu ezisezidolophini, noohlohlesakhe abangaphuhlanga kunye Cossacks - ngokupheleleyo yonke iyaxela kuluntu Russian.

Isiphelo intshukumo kunye neenkokheli zayo

Emva kokuba kwamaJuda kubulawa kakhulu abaxhasi recoiled evela Amakhulu Black, kunye nentshukumo sele kumile ngokupheleleyo emva 1917, kwaye urhulumente waseSoviet uye wavalwa ngokupheleleyo. Le Amakhulu Black, iinkokeli kunye ideologists apho babegqalwa iintshaba zabantu, ngenkuthalo balwa nxamnye namandla yiSoviet, kwaye ngexesha Second World War ecaleni ngamaNazi. By the amanani enkulu intshukumo ngokuyintloko AI Dubrovin, V. Purishkevich, VA Gringmut, N. E. Markov. Kunye PF Bulatsel (igqwetha), II Vostorgov (umbingeleli), injineli AI Trischaty Prince M. K. Shahovskoy indela Heliodorus.

Octo

Njengokuba sele sitshilo, le ubunye phakathi kwalo mbutho akuzange kwaphawulwa, imibutho emininzi eyahlukileyo omnye komnye nje kuphela amagama kodwa iinkqubo. Ngenxa yoko, amalungu iqela 'Union of Oktobha 17 ", okanye Amakhulu Octo-Black, wahlala kwindawo ekhethekileyo phakathi amaqela Russian ezopolitiko - ukuba ibekwe phakathi babebambelele kunye benkululeko, yaye kutheni ibizwa ngokuba benkululeko angqingqwa. Thina kukhokela iqela elikhulu mali nezorhwebo kunye noshishino noohlohlesakhe A. I. Guchkov, M. V. Rodzyanko kunye VV Shulgin.

Xa intliziyo inkqubo yabo babeke Manifesto le tsar ngayo Oktobha 17, 1905. Ukususela reactionaries ekunene-iphiko kakhulu Octo azakubalulwa kukuba ubize lobukhosi siseko apho ngamandla kakumkani uza kuthunyelelwa umthetho esisiseko. Ayehlukile ukusuka engasekunene kunye nento yokuba, ethetha ngenxa ayahlukahlukenanga weRashiya, ilungelo lokuzimela of Finland iseyeyona. Kwaye umbuzo umlimi ukuba ayexhasa wokupheliswa enyanzelekileyo belizwe abaqeshisi 'ngenxa yentlawulelo.

kabini

Ukuba iphiko engasekunene baba Octobrists, ngoko ke iphiko lasekhohlo intshukumo zobunene bamisa kabini (siseko-Democratic Party), i-umququzeleli nenkokheli ezizinzululwazi leyo P. N. Milyukov. Party, zephephandaba oyintloko awusebenzeleyo ngokuba "I Party yeNkululeko yaBantu." Kwinkqubo yayo, ingqalelo kakhulu yahlawulwa amalungelo nenkululeko abemi. Ngokubona kwabo, ukuyilwa elizayo Russian karhulumente ukuba abe neNgonyama siseko kunye yepalamente. I-kabini, i Octobrists, le Amakhulu Black - oku qela ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi enkulu phakathi kwamaninzi, ezifana Socialist-njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, neopopulists, i Mensheviks, kwiBolsheviks, ngubani eRashiya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, ide Revolution, iqela. Kodwa ke kabini, i Octobrists kunye Amakhulu Black sengqondo olumanyeneyo malunga ukumkani, leyo kwizinto ke inviolability kweenkqubo zabo.