Amadala kunye nokwakha Sinodi eSt Petersburg: ncomo, iinkcazelo, imbali kunye umakhi

Enye indalo emangalisayo bokwakha kwengqukuva Northern kucingelwa ukuba ukwakha yeeNgwevu kunye Sinodi. E St. Petersburg, izakhiwo ezininzi ezintle, kusenjalo lena ayiyo le projekthi lokugqibela ezinkulu womzobi odumileyo Rossi liye laba uphawu classicism emva kwexesha.

jikelele

Enyanisweni, ukuba akukho namnye, kodwa izakhiwo ezimbini, nto leyo amanyene ngoku phantsi kwegama elinye - kulwakhiwo yeeNgwevu kunye Sinodi. E St. Petersburg, phambi kokuba urhulumente ezimbini igunya yolawulo yoBukhosi baseRashiya baba ekwakheni kwiiKholeji elinambini. Noko ke, emva kokuba ulwakhiwo Admiralty ngo-1823 isakhiwo endala engasekho kwakuhambisana look entsha, ethe wafumana indawo Senatorial. Kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuba yokwakha ngokutsha. Kungenxa yoko le nto-1824 kukhuphiswano wabhengezwa le projekthi, apho baceba ukwakha isakhiwo esitsha weNdlu yeeNgwevu kunye Sinodi.

E St. Petersburg, ilitye yokuqala sabekwa kulwakhiwo-24 Agasti 1829. Ekuqaleni saqalisa ukwakha ulwakhiwo elungiselelwe iNdlu yeeNgwevu, yaye kamva kunyaka uqale kwaye Sinodi eso sakhiwo. Ukwakhiwa sagqitywa ngowe-1834. Umakhi kwesakhiwo yeeNgwevu kunye Sinodi - uKarl Ivanovich Rossi. umsebenzi wokwakha kwi ngeprojekthi yakhe ekhokelwa yi-Alexander Shtaubert.

Prehistory

Ekuqaleni, indawo yeeNgwevu kunye Sinodi ibekwe indlu yangoku isiqingatha-ngamaplanga, ephethwe yi-Alexander Menshikov, kwaye elandelayo - ipomakazi lendlu, owayephethe umfazi yabarhwebi Kusovnikova. Xa serene soBekekileyo Prince waba kukucukucezwa, ilifa yakhe Neva River badluliselwa ekuthinjweni liSekela leNgqonyela A. I. Ostermana. Emva kwexesha elithile, ngowe-1744, isakhiwo wanikwa Elizabeth A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Chancellor ngokutsha kuyo, wathuma wezakhiwo A. Vista ukulakhela indlu yobuciko.

Ngowe-1763, xa wenyuka etroneni uCatherine II, isakhiwo yadluliselwa nguNondyebo. Xa esi sakhiwo phantse ngokukhawuleza basiwe kwezo iNdlu Yeengwevu. Ukususela 1780 ukuya ngo-1790, ngethuba isakhiwo ezimbejembeje Bestuzhev-Ryumin kwakhona lalungiswa: olungaphambili wafumana unyango olutsha bokwakha, obabuthandwa classicism Russian.

Igama umbhali yokugqibela projekthi, apho ngokutsha kwesakhiwo lwaqhutywa, akwaziwa ukuba ezithile. Noko ke, nigweba sisinde kule Academy of Fine Arts Museum yokuqokelela zemizobo west olungaphambili, umakhi wachitha asakhasayo I.Starov.

History of indalo

Xa ngo-1823 womzobi Zakharov wawugqiba omkhulu isakhiwo Admiralty, kwabakho imfuneko ukuguqula iinkalo ezintathu ezingundoqo kwengqukuva Northern: yeeNgwevu (ngoku Decembrists), i-Palace kunye Admiralty, apho Garden Alexander ekhutshelwe kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba emva kwexesha. Making kakade ezazikho ngelo xesha ekhaya, leyo wagcinwa iNdlu yeeNgwevu, akusekho ukuhlangabezana ngoko abasakhasayo, kwaye izakhiwo lulonke kunye nobukhazikhazi kombindi wedolophu. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba kwakufuneka ngokutsha.

umyalelo wakhe umlawuli, uze emva koko phezu kwetrone Nicholas I, waqala ukwakha ikhaya elitsha ukuba iNdlu Yeengwevu kwi umfanekiso olunye, kwisakhiwo Jikelele Staff, iNdlu yeeNgwevu, i-Sinodi eSt Petersburg lwaqhutywa kwi isisombululo bokwakha enye. Ngoko ke, ukuba wokugqibela indlu zabarhwebi Kusovnikovoy kwathengwa. Kwabakho endaweni yendlu Bestuzhev-Ryumin ligqibe ukwakha isakhiwo weNdlu yeeNgwevu.

Ukhetho yeprojekthi

Ngowe-1828 ukhuphiswano wabhengezwa. It yayihanjelwe Vasily Stasov, Pol zhako, Smaragd Shustov, Vasily Glinka kwaye, kakade, eRashiya. NezeSenethi Sinodi isakhiwo kwi imizobo abagqatswa waba ezahlukeneyo izisombululo. Umzekelo, uJaco wacela ukwakha isakhiwo omnye, nto leyo ibiya kufana Louvre igalari, stas wayecebe ukuba yakhiwe kuphela ikhaya owayesakuba Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Rossi wenza iprojekthi ye ezinde ezimbini connecting ukuba ezinye kuyilo ngalunye Arch. Kwaye oko kunjalo namhlanje sibona ukwakha yeeNgwevu kunye Sinodi.

Lomhleli nomkroli

Elinesibhozo February 1829 iprojekthi yavunywa yi Rossi. Umsebenzi ophambili womzobi yaba ukunika isakhiwo umlinganiswa ehambelana ummandla omkhulu wema apho. Kakade ekupheleni kuka Agasti ngokubekwa amisiweyo zendlu, apho bekumele ukuba usebenzise iNdlu Yeengwevu. Isiseko kwesakhiwo wabeka okwilitye zokubhiyizela ukuba kwemi ukuzoba ezivunyiweyo ovela bakhe, ephethwe yi uCarlo Rossi. Builder kwakhona undimisele enye wezakhiwo odumileyo - A. Shtaubert. Ngaphezu koko, ngokutsho projekthi, esi sakhiwo ngokulungelelanisiweyo kakhulu kwakukho udonga yaye alondolozwe ukusuka ekhaya Bestuzhev-Rumin. Kwaye ku Agasti 1830, emva kokuba bakwazi ukuthenga indlu Kusovnikovoy ukuya kaNondyebo kaRhulumente, ulwakhiwo Sinodi kwesakhiwo yaqala endaweni yayo

NgoJulayi, 1831 uMlawuli Nicholas I yamkele projekthi kunye umhombiso oqingqiweyo. Kulo mzekelo, isalathiso eyahlukileyo wanikwa ukuba amanani bachazwa hayi "yokukhula", kunye nezihlalo. Ukongezelela, kwakufuneka ukuze sibekwe kwi iingubo antique, umzekelo, kwi ingubo, uze ususe zonke neembasa kunye imibhalo iincwadi.

Ubhaliso oqingqiweyo ithatha amagcisa nje ezimbalwa - S. Pimenov, V. Demuth-Malinovsky kunye P. Sokolov, encediswa uN Tokarev and P. kukhokela kunye nabanye. Ustinov wadalwa nomkroli esekelwe kwi emthunzini lokuqala oqingqiweyo abasindileyo "Ukholo". Sokolov wazikrola "ukuhlonela" kunye Pimenov - i "uMthetho" yaye "Ubulungisa".

Capitals kanye buso ingonyama, kwakunye nezinye izinto zokuhombisa zenziwe ngesandla Torricelli. Ukubunjwa oqingqiweyo ise elisezantsi kophahla, kwakunye "buchopho" ukusebenza iincwadi Imithetho Demuth-Malinovsky waphosa mveliso ubhedu Byrd.

zokwakha

Beka phambi bezakhiwo kunye nabakhi umsebenzi wokunikezela yokwakha isimilo yeeNgwevu Ngokobukhulu weNdlu yeeNgwevu Square, iye isonjululwe ngobuchule amakhulu ndo wala isikali. Emva kodonga ubude omkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba eRashiya umbhali-ntetho ngeprojekthi ukwandisa ubude izakhiwo ukuya ziifatom ezisibhozo enesiqingatha. Ndimele ndithi ukuba ezinye izakhiwo Admiralty eziphantsi kakhulu ekwakheni yeeNgwevu - nge-amabini anamashumi ezilishumi cm. Ekuqaleni Oktobha 1832 besimiswe imisebenzi yokwakha, yaye ngoko nangoko waqalisa ngaphakathi zombini zakhiwo. KweyoMdumba kulo nyaka ozayo umlawuli benze izibonelelo zohlolo. Kwaye ngo-1934, ekugqibeleni sigqibe izakhiwo.

iimpawu

Iziko le ubume kwemi, ukulolonga kwisikali amakhulu kunye nokubaluleka yeeNgwevu Square, Rossi wagqiba ukwenza yamandulo mihle, waphoswa phezu Galernaya isitalato. It odibanisa izakhiwo ezimbini zibe isakhiwo bokwakha enye. Kuba ukubhaliswa kwayo uKarl Ivanovich wasebenzisa enye kuzo njengoko yasungulwa ngaphambili, kodwa hayi uphunyezwe KwiNqaba iinketho ezinikwa Staff Jikelele. Le isisombululo yezakhiwo ububanzi kakhulu ezincinane kusingathwa umyili esekelwe kumacala. Kulo mzekelo, uhlobo ezingundoqo ubume womzobi lobungangamsha iye yasinda kuzo ngokupheleleyo.

Arch

Ihlanganise ukwakhiwa yeeNgwevu kunye Sinodi, baza bagqiba Umfanekiso elime kule eliphezulu nje multi-eqongeni. "Ubulungisa nasekuhloneleni", ezizezi-ebizwa ngokuba bebeziingcibi Pimenov, V. Demuth-Malinovsky kunye AP Sokolov, efuzisela ukumanyana kwamagunya amabini - icawa kunye nezehlabathi. Ngaphezu zithako abakroli usebenze malunga nonyaka. Ukongeza kumsebenzi wakhe, phezu inqaba yamandulo, kwaye nani nangoku ifakiwe, allegorically lithetha 'buchopho abawugcinayo umyalelo. "

Xa eliphezulu efanayo emithathu BAS-isiqabu - ". Umthetho wemvelo" "umthetho welizwe", "uMthetho kaThixo" kwakunye umdla kakhulu kwindawo yabo. Xa iziko, ngaphezu nje arch, lizobe BAS-ebizwa elide "umthetho wobukhaya." Phakathi imifanekiso kuyo, ebetha kwengeniso uPetros Omkhulu kunye uCatherine II.

incazelo

Umakhi yeeNgwevu kunye Sinodi izakhiwo - Russia - kazwelonke ukhuphe ngokwemiqathango uxande iintendelezo ezinemigangatho emithathu. Ngokungaqhelekanga nobhazabhaza ezintle kakuhle kunye ezithambekileyo ezenziwe lenyengane, ukuhombisa umnyango. Okumangalisayo ukukhanya nasethunzini isiphumo yesityebi okudalwe alternation tu- iinxalenye lwefacade lwezakhiwo kunye yayigcinwa. Oku oluninzi uncedo, kunye moldings ezininzi.

Sinodi egudle isakhiwo ojamelene Promenade des Anglais, yaye owayesakuba Yeengwevu Square. Ngokubanzi, iingcali zikholelwa ukuba uyilo umdla kakhulu yokuyilwa kwale nxalenye ye sakhiwo. ikona ajikelezayo. Kubhaliwe Zazihonjiswe kwivaranda omkhulu, izongamele kumgangatho wokuqala kwaye iqokelelwe nemihlathi ezisibhozo komyalelo laseKorinte, egopheni gentle leyo igqityiwe, ngokutsho ababhali projekthi asinde imbala. Le isisombululo yezakhiwo emangalisayo umgca ekwandiseni Promenade des Anglais, amnike osisityebi look.

Akukho umdla kangako design wayo kwaye yangaphambili Igumbi leNkomfa kwisakhiwo yeeNgwevu, iindonga ezo ezihonjiswe caryatids kunye pilasters sistucco, kwakunye isigubungelo, nto leyo eyenza ukupeyinta artist B. Medici. Embindini itrone namaqhosha eqaqambileyo ezibomvu velvet.

emva kwempi

Ngowe-1919, i-Yeengwevu kunye Sinodi zipheliswe. Ukususela ngo-1925 i-Central Historical Archives ibekwe kwi sakhiwo. Ngowe-1936, isakhiwo weNdlu yeeNgwevu kunye Sinodi baqalisa ukubuyisela, kunye olungaphambili ziye zabuyiselwa, yaye imikrolo, yaye kamva kunyaka waqalisa ukuhlaziya utyikityo kuyiwa grand. Ngexesha lemfazwe, izakhiwo ezimbini ziye hit kanzima. Anakho ezimbalwa namaqokobhe zokudubula leyo eyabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwizakhiwo. Phantse yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo ibandla Synodal.

Imisebenzi ukubuyiselwa yaqala ehlotyeni ka-1944 - ngaphambi kokuphela kwemfazwe. Ngo-2006, i-mpepha Historical wafudukela, kunye nokwakhiwa yeeNgwevu kunye Sinodi sathunyelwa kwiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko we-Russian Federation. Namhlanje, kukho Library kaMongameli.

ukuba umdla

Xa sikhangela maxwebhu, ukuthenga yonke yomrhwebi nandawo Kusovnikovoy kubiza ebutyebini bokumkani kwi ibonwe ixesha - angamakhulu amathandathu amawaka, lo gama 1796-m iyelenqe kwavavanywa nje ezisixhenxe iwaka enesiqingatha. Le iindwendwe, proznav ukuba endaweni wendlu yakhe iya kwakhiwa ekwakheni i-Sinodi isigqibo Jack phezulu ixabiso, ukongeza kwimali iyonke izinyobo kwaye iquka amagosa amaninzi.

Xa usebenza ingoma "Justice and ukuhlonela uThixo," ukuba nomkroli kwesakhiwo yeeNgwevu kunye Sinodi Pimenov wafa. umsebenzi wakhe kwagqitywa ngunyana wakhe.