Aluminiyam: umchiza emzimbeni iimpawu

Enye kakhulu lula izinto ezenziwe ngesinyithi nezinto processing. Phakathi kwabo nazo iinkokheli zabo. Umzekelo, iimpawu ezisisiseko aluminiyam ezaziwa abantu kudala. Ukuba zilungele kangaka ukusetyenziswa kweli khaya, ukuba olu sele zithandwa kakhulu. Ziziphi iimpawu aluminiyam nje into elula nendlela-atom, esiza kuyiqwalasela kweli nqaku.

indaba yokuvula aluminium

Ukususela ngexesha athi umntu esidala iye eyaziwa ambaxa intsimbi - alamu potassium. Kuye lisetyenziswa njengendlela nabakwaziyo ukudumba uze unxibelelanise amacandelo umxube, kwakuyimfuneko bed ngesikhumba. Ubukho loqobo alumina yaziwa kwinkulungwane XVIII, kwisiqingatha sesibini. Noko ke, oku akuzange ifunyenwe izinto ecocekileyo.

Yena uyiphatha evelele metal chloride wayo Isazinzulu yokuqala H. Oersted. Kuye kusingathwa amalgam potassium ityuwa kwaye ingadibani umxube ngumgubo ongwevu, nto leyo aluminium ecocekileyo.

Ke kwacaca ukuba iimpawu eekhemikhali aluminiyam zibonakale kumsebenzi yalo phezulu, ukomelela namandla. Ngoko ke, ixesha elide naye engasekho wasebenza.

Noko ke, ngo-1854, engumFrentshi Deville akwazi ukufumana etshe etyhidiweyo yi electrolysis. Le ndlela esasebenza unanamhla. Ingakumbi ngobuninzi izinto ezixabisekileyo yaqala ngenkulungwane XX, xa iingxaki ziye zisonjululwe ukufumana isixa esikhulu amandla emsebenzini.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-metal - omnye ethandwa, kwaye esetyenziswa njani ukwakhiwa kunye noshishino ekhaya.

iimpawu ngokubanzi atom-aluminiyam

Ukuba agcwele element kuthethwa ngemeko kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukhethe izinto ezininzi.

1. inani lothotho - 13.
2. Le ise kwixesha wesithathu aphantsi iqela lesithathu elo laseMelika engundoqo.
3. mass Atomic - 26,98.
4. Inani electron Valence - 3.
5. Uqwalaselo lwe umaleko engaphandle siyinikwe ² 3 3p ^1.
6. Igama element - aluminiyam.
7. Iipropati Metal kugqame kakhulu.
8. Izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ayikho kwindalo, kukho nobubele omnye kuphela, kunye nenombolo yobunzima-27.
9. Uphawu imichiza - AL, kwi iifomyula ifundwe "aluminiyam".
10. Igcwala yedwa, ilingana abathathu.

Iimpawu chemical aluminiyam ingqinisisiwe ngokupheleleyo nasekumeni yayo ngekhompyutha i-atom, ngenxa yokuba okwi enkulu atomic kaBorrow electron encinane, kodwa iyakwazi ukwenza njenge arhente onamandla ukunciphisa, ngokunjalo zonke iintsimbi esebenzayo.

Aluminium njenge into elula: iipropati emzimbeni

Ukuba sithetha aluminiyam njengento elula, kuthiwe sisinyithi ubuhle-white ecwebezelayo. It yiluciferase ngokukhawuleza umoya sigqunywe oxide umboniso ashinyeneyo. Into efanayo xa isenzo asidi bagxila.

Ukubakho iimpawu ezinjalo kwenza le metal ukumelana umhlwa,, leyo, Kakade elula kakhulu kubantu. Ngoko ke, lo sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ulwakhiwo nto aluminiyam. Iimpawu osisiqu nani nangoku ezinomdla yokuba olu kukukhanya kakhulu, kunye ixesha elide yaye ethambileyo. Indibaniselwano yezi mpawu ziyafumaneka engekude ngeempahla nganye.

Kukho zimpahla emzimbeni ezisisiseko eziliqela ukuba uphawu aluminium.

1. Iqondo eliphezulu malleability kunye ductility. Ukusuka olu ukuvelisa elula, anamandla ngefoyile ye zibhityile kakhulu, kokuba iqaliswe ibe wire.
2. Lokunyibilika - 660 ⁰ C.
3. indawo abilayo - 2450 ⁰ C.
4. Density - 2,7 g / cm ^3.
5. Ubuso-TAC crystal emkhusaneni volume, metal.
6. Uhlobo lonxibelelwano - metal.

iimpawu aluminium Physical nemichiza zichaza iindawo sicelo nokusetyenziswa. Ukuba sithethe icala basekhaya, ukuba adlale indima ebalulekileyo sele ingqalelo sithi iimpawu ngasentla. Ngenxa metal elula, ixesha elide yaye anti-bako, aluminiyam isetyenziswa moya kunye imikhumbi. Ngoko ke, le mihlaba zibaluleke kakhulu ukwazi.

Iipropati Chemical aluminium

Ukususela imichiza mbono, metal ingqalelo - strong ekunciphiseni arhente ezinako zibonise umsebenzi ophezulu imichiza, njengoko into enyulu. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - kukuba ukususa ifilimu oxide. Kulo mzekelo, umsebenzi kwandisa kakhulu.

Iipropati lwemichiza aluminiyam njengoko into elula ugqitywa ukukwazi layo azithethelele:

• asidi;
• alkalis;
• halogens;
• gray.

Ekubeni akukho usabela ngamanzi phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ngaloo ukusuka halogen ngaphandle ubilisa ihlangana kuphela nge-ayodini. Kuba abanye abasabela efunekayo lobushushu.

Kukho imizekelo ebonisa iimpawu imichiza aluminium. Zibalo reactions ukwenzelana:

• asidi - AL + HCL = AlCL ₃ + H _2;
• alkalis - 2Al + 6H ₂ Owu + 2NaOH = Na [Al ( OH) _4] + 3 H _2;
  
• halogen - AL + Hal = ALHal _3;
• isalfure - 2AL + 3 = AL ₂ S _3.

Ngokubanzi, iimpawu ibalulekileyo imathiriyeli - ukukwazi ophezulu kwakhona ezinye izinto ivela ezintweni zabo.

amandla okungenisa

Iimpawu kuncitshiswa aluminiyam lula zibangelwe asabela kunye nezinye oxides yesinyithi. It ngokulula kuyisusa kwabo izinto kwaye ivumela ukuba zikhona phambi ethafeni. Umzekelo: Kr _{2 O-3} + AL = AL _{2 O-3} + Kr.

Kushishino kukho inkqubo yonke lokulungiselela kwezinto ngokusekelwe kwezi khemikhali. Igama layo aluminothermy. Ngoko ke, kwishishini kwemichiza i lwesi sakhi lisetyenziswa ezinye iintsimbi.

Distribution endalweni

Ngokutsho ukwanda kwezinye izinto yesinyithi aluminiyam gaba kuqala. Iqulethe 8.8% of kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Ukuba sithelekisa kunye nonmetals, indawo yayo ikwindawo yesithathu, emva oksijini lesilicon.

Ngenxa reactivity eliphezulu awufumaneki ngendlela esulungekileyo, kodwa njengenxalenye iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukuba nobuninzi eyaziwa sisimbiwa, izimbiwa, amatye, apho ekwakhiweni iquka aluminiyam. Noko ke, wakhupha kuphela webauxite, umxholo nto leyo inkulu kakhulu kwindalo.

Ezi zinto zixhaphakileyo equlathe metal uchaphazelekayo:

• feldspars;
• webauxite;
• granites;
• dust;
• silicates aluminium;
• basalts nabanye.

I encinci aluminium ngokuyimfuneko ifakiwe kwiiseli eziphilayo. Ezinye iintlobo ze moss kunye zolwandle nakwizidalwa bayakwazi ukuba yande lwesi sakhi emzimbeni wakho ubomi.

indawo yolwamkelo

iimpawu aluminium Physical nemichiza liyayivumela ukuba ukufumana indlela enye kuphela: yi electrolysis ye kunyibilika le oxide ahambelanayo. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo inzima yobuchwepheshe. Lokunyibilika: AL _{2 O-3} mkhulu kuno-2000 ⁰ C. Ngenxa yoku, oko kusenziwa ngqo electrolysis akukho ifunyenwe. Ngoko maluqhutywe ngolu hlobo.

1. webauxite geni.
2. Ndawahlambuluka ke ezintweni ubumdaka, eshiya alumina kuphela.
3. Emva koko zaphela cryolite.
4. Oksayidi akwenza oko.
5. Lo mxube elekrolizuyut ukunika aluminiyam nyulu kunye carbon dioxide.

Sesivuno: 99,7%. Noko ke, ukulungiswa kunye ekusenokwenzeka metal ecocekileyo apho asetyenziselwa iinjongo zobugcisa.

isicelo

Iimpawu mechanical ye-aluminiyam ayikho kakuhle kakhulu ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo ngendlela yayo enyulu. Ngoko ke, ngokusekelwe kule nto aluminium bavame zisetyenziswa. Kukho ezininzi, ekunokuthiwa kakhulu esisiseko.

1. Duralumin.
2. Aluminiyamu manganese.
3. Aluminium-magnesium.
4. Aluminiyamu nobhedu.
5. Silumin.
6. Avial.

Umahluko eziphambili - Kakade ke, izinto umntu wesithathu-party. Yonke isiseko sayo aluminiyam nje. Ezinye iintsimbi kwakhona kwenza izinto ezomeleleyo ngakumbi, umhlwa ukumelana, anxibe ukumelana ukululekwa ekwenziweni.

Kukho iindawo ezininzi ezinkulu isicelo ye-aluminiyam ngendlela esulungekileyo okanye ngohlobo iikhompawundi zayo (aluminium).

1. Kuba ukwenziwa ucingo ngefoyile ye ezisetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
2. Ukuveliswa zokubhala.
3. Aircraft.
4. Imikhumbi.
5. Ukwakhiwa yokwakha.
6. imboni Space.
7. Ukwenza zamandla.

Kunye zentsimbi kunye aluminiyamu - intsimbi ibalulekileyo. Kuyinto la abameli ababini kwenkqubo ngamaxesha baye bafumanisa isicelo elikhulu industrial ezandleni zabantu.

Iimpawu aluminium hayidroksayidi

Hayidroksayidi - umchiza ixhaphakileyo eyenza aluminiyam. Iipropati imichiza kuyo iyafana naleyo intsimbi ngokwawo - it amphoteric. Oku kuthetha ukuba liyakwazi ukusebenzisa imvelo mbini, ukuba asabele zombini asidi kunye alkalis.

Ngokwawo, i-aluminiyamu hayidroksayidi - a kwenze emhlophe gelatinous. Yifumane ifomu aluminiyam ityuwa lula ngayo kwealkali okanye hayidroksayidi Ammonium. Xa abasabela ngayo hayidroksayidi kunye acid lubanika ityuwa ahambelanayo eqhelekileyo kunye namanzi. Ukuba indlela aqhubeke kunye kwealkali, i-aluminiyamu hydroxo kwakhiwa apho inani layo uququzelelo ngu 4. Umzekelo: Na [Al (OH) _4] - sodium tetragidroksoalyuminat.