Aleksandr Gertsen: engobomi, ukufunda nokubhala

Imbali Russian lizele azo Abaxhobele ukuba abeke ubomi bakhe abuncamele ingcamango yakhe.

Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen (1812-1870) yaba yali lokuqala Russian banishumayezayo iingcinga ukulingana kunye nabazalwana. Kwaye nangona engazange uthabathe nesinye isahlulo ngqo kwimisebenzi mbuso, kodwa yena waba phakathi kwabo kwavula indlela yophuhliso yayo. Enye iinkokheli abaseNtshona, kamva waba waphoxwa neenjongo yaseYurophu indlela yophuhliso Russia, wafudukela eminqubeni esahlukileyo, yaye yaba ngunozala kwenye esiyimbali imbali intshukumo wethu - ukulwelwa.

Biography Aleksandra Gertsena ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene namanani ezinjalo revolution Russian kunye nehlabathi njengoko Ogarev, Belinsky, Proudhon, Garibaldi. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, wayesoloko wazama ukufumana eyona ndlela ibhetele nje umyalelo yoluntu. Kodwa ukuthanda abantu bakhe, ukuzinikela neenjongo ekhethiweyo - ngaba oko kwamenza ngokuphathelele kwinzala ka Gertsen uAleksandr Ivanovich.

biography emfutshane kunye isishwankathelo imisebenzi engundoqo iya kuvumela umfundi ukuba baqhelane nzulu ngezinto Russian. Ngapha koko, kuphela inkumbulo yethu, baya kukwazi ukuphila ngonaphakade siqhubeke okuphembelela iingqondo.

Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich: Biography ubolile Russian

A. I. Gertsen wayengunyana ongumgqakhwe ka enomhlaba Ivana Alekseevicha Yakovleva kunye nentombi yakhe kumenzi esemthethweni, umfazi oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala waseJamani Henriette Haag. Ngenxa yokuba umtshato ababhaliswe ngokusemthethweni yayingekho, nyana yokugqibela uyise yasungulwa. Iguqulwe kwi German lithetha "umntwana intliziyo".

I bayinyusa yekhasi elizayo kunye nombhali endlwini umkayisekazi kwi Abakwenzayo Boulevard (ngoku Institute yoncwadi kubo. Gorky).

Esemncinane, waqala ukuba bahlule "iphupha inkululeko-bothando", nto leyo ayimangalisi - utitshala uncwadi IE Protopopov baziqhelanise umfundi kunye imibongo ka Pushkin, Ryleeva Bouchaud. The French Revolution, lomqondo emoyeni rhoqo noqeqesho Igumbi Alexander. Kakade ngelo xesha Herzen nabahlobo Ogarev, kwaye bobabini wacinga icebo yokuguqula ihlabathi. akuphawula ngokungaqhelekanga enkulu abahlobo wenza kwimvukelo Decembrist, emva kokuba ibengezela kwimisebenzi olululo wafunga ukuya ekupheleni ubomi bakhe ukuze bakhusele iminqweno inkululeko kunye nabazalwana.

Iincwadi ye French yiEnlightenment zencwadi ukudla imihla Alexander - wayefunde kakhulu uVoltaire, Beaumarchais, Kotzebue. Akazange ungadluli kwaye Romanticism ekuqaleni waseJamani - imisebenzi Goethe kunye Schiller imiswe ukuba nehlombe.

circle eyunivesithi

Ngowe-1829, uAleksandr Gertsen wangena Moscow University of Physics kunye neSebe neMathematika. Yaye akazange ahlukane nomhlobo wakhe ebuntwaneni Ogarev, lowo kungekudala zenza isangqa abantu ezifana-nye. Kukwaquka kakuhle eyaziwa kwixesha elizayo, umbhali-mbali kunye umguquleli V. Passek N. Ketscher. Kwiintlanganiso zawo, amalungu wesangqa ngazo ingcamango Saint-Simonianism, ukulingana phakathi kwamadoda nabafazi, nokupheliswa kwipropati yabucala - ngokufutshane, yayingabo wobusoshiyali yokuqala eRashiya.

"Imbali Malovskaya"

LeMfundo kwiYunivesithi yase ebolile kunye obungabangeli mdla. Bambalwa ootitshala ukuba kwazisa abafundi ukuba izifundo kunye nezimvo phambili bulumko German. Herzen wafuna indlela yokuphuma amandla yayo inxaxheba pranks eyunivesithi. Ngowe-1831 waba inxaxheba ekuthiwa-"Imbali malovskoy", apho yazinyaswa yi Lermontov. Abafundi wagxothwa unjingalwazi abaphulaphuli imithetho ephathelene nobugebenga. Njengoko kamva wakhumbula Alexander Malov MJ ke ndisisityhakala, sikrwada kunye uprofesa nabangafundanga. Abafundi wamcekisa ekuhleni kwakhe Bamhleka ngokugculelayo eklasini. Ngokuba abavukeli zakhe escapade wehla lula kakhulu - siye sahlala iintsuku ezimbalwa kwisisele isohlwayo.

Ikhonkco lokuqala

Imisebenzi isangqa friendly of Herzen waba kunokuba elimsulwa kwindalo, kodwa Imperial Chancellery wabona kwinkolelo yabo isoyikiso gunya. Ngowe-1834, onke amalungu lombutho babanjwa kwaye elubhacweni. Herzen yokuqala ukuvela e Perm, waza wazimisela ukuya kukhonza Vyatka. Wahlela umboniso imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba Zhukovsky isicelo ukudluliselwa uVladimir. Kukho Herzen kususwa nomtshakazi wakhe evela eMoscow. Loo mihla elula yonwabileyo kubomi olungazolanga zombhali.

Ekwahlulweni ingcamango Russian kwi Slavophiles and abaseNtshona

Ngowe-1840, uAleksandr Gertsen wabuyela eMoscow. Apha, isiphelo wamsa isangqa zoncwadi ka Belinsky, ngubani washumayela ngenkuthalo elinakho iingcamango Hegelian. Ngothakazelelo yoqobo kunye namalungu intransigence Russian yale sangqa waqonda nezimvo sobulumko German le nengqiqo lonke leyinene elifuna elinye macala. Noko ke, Herzen wazikhuphulula kwezo Hegel benza izigqibo esahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, le kwesangqa yahlulwa ibe Slavophiles, iinkokeli, ezibe Kirievsky kunye hamsters, yaye abantu baseNtshona aye esidibanise ngeenxa Herzen kunye Ogarev. Nangona izimvo eziphambukileyo kakhulu kwi endleleni elizayo uphuhliso eRashiya, nabo kunye nabanye united okunayo lokwenene lungabi uthando beemfama sokumiswa Russian, kunye inkolelo onyanisekileyo amandla kunye namandla abantu. Njengoko wabhala kamva, Herzen, baba efana -ababemi ezimbini ngoJanus, ubuso aze ajikeleziswe kumacala ahlukeneyo, kunye yabetha intliziyo enye.

Kokuwa siseko

Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich, ogama engobomi yaye ke waxhamla ehamba rhoqo, kwisiqingatha sesibini ubomi ngokupheleleyo babebuchithela ngaphandle eRashiya. Ngowe-1846, uyise zombhali wafa, eshiya imbali enkulu Herzen. Oku kwanika ithuba Alexander Ivanovich iminyaka eliqela ukuze ihambe eYurophu. Uhambo iye ngokwesiseko utshintshe indlela yokucinga yombhali. namanye abaseNtshona kwakhe sothuka xa befunda kalindixesha "Amanqaku iLizwe loobawo" inqaku Herzen esihloko sithi "Iincwadi ezivela Avenue Marigny», owathi kamva yaziwa ngokuba "Iileta ezivela eFransi Italy." Obala anti-yoohlohlesakhe sengqondo ezo leta waqononondisa into yokuba umbhali ndadana kwi ukomelela olululo iingcamango Koloni. Emva kokubona ukungaphumeleli neziphithiphithi chain owatshabalalisa eYurophu kwiminyaka 1848-1849, ebizwa ngokuba "yasentwasahlobo lweentlanga", yena uqala ukuphuhlisa ingcamango "socialism Russian", nto leyo wazala umlambo entsha yokucinga Russian bulumko - ukulwelwa.

A ifilosofi entsha

E France, uAleksandr Gertsen waba wahlobana Proudhon, naye waqala ukuzivakalisa iphephandaba "Voice of the People". Emva kokuba kwezithandani ngayo nenkcaso ngokupheleleyo, safudukela eSwitzerland, uze emva koko Nice, apho wadibana Garibaldi, lo mbono odumileyo ukuba inkululeko kunye nokuzimela yabantu Italian. Eli xesha fanele upapasho lesincoko "Ukususela Okunye Shore", nto leyo icacisa iingcamango ezintsha, ngayo uziqhube Gertsen uAleksandr Ivanovich. Kwintanda-bulumko uhlengahlengiso olukhulu umyalelo yoluntu engasekho nihluthe umbhali, Herzen yaye ekugqibeleni Ubhabhayisile kwiinkolelo zakhe melo. iingcinga zakhe uqale kutyelela lahlwa Europe endala kunye ikhono elikhulu kwihlabathi Slavic, kwanyanzeleka ukuba baqonde kokwenza yali.

A. I. Gertsen - intatheli Russian

Emva kokufa ngumfazi wayo, Herzen wafudukela eLondon, apho waqalisa ukupapasha iphephandaba yakhe edumileyo "I Bell". Iphephandaba nempembelelo gqitha kwixesha eyandulela ukupheliswa serfdom. Emva koko ukubolekisa iqalisa uwise, ifuthe engamandla kwi ukuthandwa ingcinezelo yalo kwimvukelo Polish 1863. Ngenxa yoko, ingcamango Herzen akazange kufumana nayiphi na inkxaso evela radicals, okanye benkululeko; ngokuba yokuqala, ngokulinganisela kakhulu, kwaye loo mithandazo olukhulu kakhulu. Ngo-1865, urhulumente Russian elithe gqolo ifuna ukuba nobungangamela bakhe, iKumkanikazi of England, ukuba abahleli "Le Bells" ndagxothwa lizwe. Aleksandr Gertsen kunye namaqabane akhe kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele eSwitzerland.

Herzen wabulawa yinyumoniya ngowe-1870 eParis, apho afika kwimicimbi yosapho.

nokubhala

Uluhlu Gertsena Aleksandra Ivanovicha kukho inani elikhulu kumanqaku abhalwe Russian kunye yokushiywa. Kodwa eyaziwa kunazo zonke iincwadi zakhe, ingakumbi, umsebenzi yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts". Sam Aleksandr Gertsen, ogama engobomi wambi benze zigzags lee kum, ngokuba lo msebenzi avume, nto leyo ebangele iintlobo "iingcamango olubi." Yindibanisela of ubuntatheli, memoirs, ekumeni ngoncwadi yeziKronike zembali. Kwi inoveli "Ngubani na ityala?" Umbhali wasebenza iminyaka emithandathu. Iingxaki ukulingana phakathi kwabasetyhini kunye namadoda ukutshata, imfundo yona kulo msebenzi ukucombulula ngoncedo ophezulu eziqulethwe zobuntu. Kwakhona babe ibali ostrosotsialnye usiba lwayo "I ulisela Magpie", "UGqr okuziinkozo", "Usizi iglasi grog", "isithukuthezi" kunye nabanye.

Akukho umntu ongatshatanga abafundileyo, ngubani ubuncinane asiyi ngondiva ukuba ngubani uAleksandr Gertsen. biography emfutshane umbhali afumaneka kwi-Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Brockhaus kunye Efron, kodwa soze wazi ukuba ezinye imithombo! Noko ke, kuya kuba kuhle ukuba uqhelane kunye umbhali kwiincwadi zakhe - ngokupheleleyo-ubude wabo esiba ubuntu bakhe.