Man njengengxaki yentanda Ingcamango MS Kagan

UMoses Samoylovich Kagan - eyaziwa Petersburg ingcali yenzululwazi, sobulumko, isazinzulu yenkcubeko. Isiseko methodological yemisebenzi yakhe baqalisa Marxism ingakumbi - uhlalutyo nkqubo. Izimvo kunye nophando Moiseya Samoylovicha lowu kwiincwadi zakhe eziliqela kunye namanqaku, enye yazo - "Man njengengxaki-bulumko mihla", equka iindawo ezintlanu.

Kweli nqaku, umbhali kuphakamisa ingxaki esembindini zeentanda-bulumko 'umntu ihlabathi ", nto leyo abachaphazelekayo onke amaxesha. Abantu abaninzi bacinga ngayo kwindawo yabo ehlabathini, ngenxa yemisebenzi yabo kufuneka ibe injongo ulwalathiso kwanobo. rhoqo umntu uqala ukubona ubomi bakhe njengezinto, yaye lo mbuzo, "Yintoni na ukuba ube kweli hlabathi? Yintoni na kwisimo sam, eneneni, injongo? Yintoni egqibayo intsingiselo kunye nexabiso yobomi babantu? Zeziphi iingxaki esisiseko yobukho bomntu? Ezi kunye nezinye izinto ezifanayo, nokumisela isiqulatho ingcamango bulumko kunye yabantu, namhlanje ugqaliselo izazinzulu ezininzi. [1]

Xa umsebenzi wam, uMoses Samoylovich uzama ukuqonda le miba, utsalela ingqalelo Eneneni, leyo ezininzi kunye nezintsonkothileyo sidalwa - mntu. Kagan ibhekisa imisebenzi zobulumko ezininzi iisayikholojisti, ezifana Marx, Engels, Feyrbah, Scheler, Freud, Ananiev kunye nabanye. Umbhali ubhala ukuba iingxaki kwimbali baphathwa ngokwahlukileyo. Asazise iintlobo ezintathu bulumko, lokuqala apho - theocentric. kubume bayo lo mbono we umntu othile. Olu hlobo ifilosofi kulo lonke imbali inkcubeko.

Uhlobo elandelayo - naturotsentrichesky. UMoses Samoylovich ingxelo ukuba wazalwa eGrisi, yaye emva koko zavuselelwa yaseYurophu ifilosofi amaxesha mihla. Kuba olu hlobo yezembali bulumko luphawulwa ukuqatshelwa nokubaluleka indalo. Ngokutsho anthropocentric udidi lomntu na uhlobo olunzima kakhulu yokuba, intlaka yokuhlanganisa iminombo echumileyo ulwalamano lwakhe kunye nendalo, uluntu, bobungcwele.

Le typology ivumela ukuba ukwethula ngokucacileyo indlela nefilosofi ukulandela inyathelo ngenyathelo ubudlelwane babantu kunye nokusingqongileyo, ezentlalo kunye namasiko. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba umbhali, ibhekisela ibali, ayikhangeleki kwikamva kwaye athi uya kuba yintoni na uhlobo elandelayo-bulumko. Nkqu amaGrike wayeqonda ukuba abantu baqale philosophize kuphela ngokwazi kwakhe. ukuba umntu umkhondo nto ifihlakeleyo okungaphakathi komntu. Ngenxa umdla ukwanda yomntu lokuzimela ulwazi, umntu ngoyaba ngokufunisela malunga uhlobo elizayo-bulumko.

Kwinxalenye elandelayo nqaku, MS Kagan, utsalela ingqalelo indoda leyo unique likwimo ukuntsonkotha yokuba, loo ulifanisa nezinye izidalwa zendalo kunye namaziko zentlalo, ezibonisa ulwalamano kwabo. rhoqo umntu ozibiza kuba 'ngukumkani semvelo "demiurge," super-zabantu ". Kodwa ukuze koyiswe ukuxhomekeka ngamnye imikhosi yangaphandle (uhlobo, uluntu, inkcubeko), u fanele ku tiva ingcinga ephilileyo imida zabo nobonisa njongo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ngokutsho MS Kagan, kuyimfuneko ukuchonga hexa Undoqo zembali, iintlobo yokuba abantu. Eneneni, ngalo lonke ixesha sisekho kwayo, indoda izama uyeke, balahle ekuxhomekekeni imikhosi yangaphandle, ebizwa ngokuba yi-ubukhoboka. Kodwa ngaba kubalulekile ukwenza oko? Imbali ibonisa ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi komntu, indalo, inkcubeko, inzululwazi, inkolo, yonke - amakhonkco umxokelelwane omnye. Kwaye ukugcina uxolo ehlabathini, ngokoluvo lwam, umntu kufuneka abawuthobeli kuwenze ngaphezu imikhosi yangaphandle kunye samoprovozglashatsya super-ntle.

Isahlulo sesithathu umsebenzi itsalela ingqalelo utshintsho ngokuphathelele umntu ehlabathini. Ukuba kanye ekuqaleni kwembali yabantu lubonakala ngokucacileyo ukuxhomekeka ngamnye imikhosi yangaphandle kuye, kule imeko yangoku sibona phambi ukwanda ngokukhawuleza okusingqongileyo sixhomekeke amehlo ethu protivopolozhnoe.Na evela kwimisebenzi yabantu. Oku kungenxa yokuba uluntu sele ifikelele kumgangatho onjalo sezingqondweni self-ulwazi, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukulawula ngabom kubudlelwane babo namaziko kwezentlalo izinto zendalo, uyalwa baqondise imisebenzi yayo entsimini inzululwazi nobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe kunye nonxibelelwano, imfundo noqeqesho, ngokuqonda enikwe yi avelise ulwazi lwabo lwenzululwazi, imida ngokwenene imisebenzi yabo ngenxa imithetho injongo yendalo, ubomi, uluntu kunye nenkcubeko. " Nokufika yesithathu yeminyaka, abantu abaninzi baye baba ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuba sekufika ihlabathi kunye nezakhono zabo, izinto, impembelelo imikhosi yangaphandle. Oku kukwagxininisa ubunjalo komntu.

Xa inxalenye yesine Moisey Samoylovich ingxelo ukubonakala ingozi self-ukutshatyalaliswa uluntu. Kule nkalo, ngamnye umntu uba wazi endaweni yakhe ehlabathini. Le ndoda uyaqonda ukuba lo sodidi nje eziphilayo, inxalenye yoluntu, kodwa ke umphathi amaxabiso inkcubeko kunye neyenkolo. Ke into eninzi iziganeko ezimbi ezenzeka ngamaxesha ababephila phambi kokubhalwa kwembali, kwaye kumaXesha Aphakathi, yaye ngoku, asenze sicinge yokungabikho lamaxabiso zabantu. Kwaye ngoku, ngenxa yam, umntu unoxanduva olukhulu kuyo yonke imbali yentsapho yakhe. Abantu kufuneka ukugcina umgangatho yokuziphatha nangokomoya, baqonde kunye nenzuzo ukuchitha zonke umzuzu kubomi babo.

Yaye inxalenye yokugqibela MS Kagan ityhila ingxaki konxulumano-bulumko kunye nenkcubeko. Ukutyhubela imbali bulumko batsaleleke ezobugcisa (imibongo, umculo, cinema, njalo-njalo), Ukuze kulungiswe ezo okanye eminye imiba isihobe, umculo, zabe nabanye. Umbhali iqwalasela eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ngoku lo mnqweno ukuze bati kwimfuno reference ukuqonda kwabantu elinikeza amava sobulumko kunye nempumelelo isayensi, kunye nolwazi oluthile, nto leyo ivelise zokuzonwabisa yokuluka womntu. Kwaye ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukuchonga undoqo ukuqonda womntu mihla.

Ngaphezu koko, umbhali uthetha ingxaki umntu nendalo kwaye inikeza iindlela ezintathu yokuphuhlisa ezi ubudlelwane umntu-ukumkani ngemvelo, unqulo indalo kunye nengxoxo kunye nendalo. Ngokoluvo lwam, ukhetho lesithathu ukubonelela ngophuhliso okungcono kobudlelwane, le mbono kwabelwana ngumbhali. Umntu kufuneka siphathwe njengomhlobo kwindalo, kunye uthando nentlonelo, kwaye iya kuqinisekisa uphuhliso abazingcayo.

Ngamafuphi, uMoses Samoylovich uqukumbela ukuba umntu wavela kwaye eqhubeka ukuba bathungelane ngokomoya, kuba yinkqubo obungunaphakade elibizwa igama self. Kwaye kule bulumko rhoqo uyakwazi ukuqhubeka ingqalelo yayo imiba yayo "Kawonk-wonke" - ihlabathi yoluntu kunye nobudlelwane.

Le ndoda yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu, nto leyo eguqukayo. Ukucinga umntu sitsala ezininzi iingxaki. Le spectrum kuyinto alipheli. Ngenxa yoko, phantse zonke mbongi bulumko baxakeke kwinkalo yokufunda le ngxaki iphambili bulumko - umntu kunye nehlabathi. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zophando kweli nqaku, loo nto iphambili kuba uluntu mihla ukuqonda ikamva labo. Umntu kufuneka bazi ukuba yintoni uxanduva angaka phambi kwakhe - ukugcinwa kunye nokulondolozwa lwamaxabiso kunye nenkcubeko yabantu, nto leyo kuwo imbali isuka kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.

[1] Gurevich P. S. umntu libe yinto analysis sociophilosophical .// ingxaki yabantu bulumko Koloni. M:. Inkqubela, 1988, c. 504