SDR - a Drawing Special Rights ...

SDRs - segama igama IsiNgesi, nto leyo izandi Russian njenge "amalungelo umzobo ekhethekileyo" (SDRs). SDR uthathwa lwemali ezithambileyo asset bucala ngamazwe, nto leyo iveliswa kwaye isetyenziswa yi-IMF ukubonelela ubudlelwane zemali phakathi kwamalungu ayo. zolondolozo kwaye kukhutshwa mboleko zicwangciswa kule mali. Ngokutsho manani, ngoMatshi 2016, kukho malunga 204.1 billion SDR.

Inkangeleko kunye nenjongo

Amalungelo Drawing Special (SDR, SDR SDR) wabonakala ngowe-1969 kule minyaka le ngokuhambisana nomxholo eBretton Woods inkqubo wemali. Ukuze ukugcina izinga lotshintshiselwano ezinzileyo leeyunithi yayo yemali yelizwe oswele loovimba. Nangona kunjalo, umthamo we nonikezelo ngamazwe yegolide kunye zeerandi akwanelanga. Ukuqiniseka US lwemali wayeza phantsi, ukuba uqala ukushicilela yamaphepha ezintsha. Kungoko ke kwaye kwagqitywa ukudala asethi reserve entsha.

SDR - oku kanye link ashiyiweyo kwenkqubo eBretton Woods. Noko ke, kungekudala yokugqibela bawa ngaphandle. amazwe abaninzi baye bafudukela umbuso ka ezidadayo amazinga otshintshiselwano. Phantsi kwenkqubo entsha, i-SDR yaseHungari ayikho yindlela ebalulekileyo. Uphuhliso imali eyinkunzi iimarike wavumela amazwe amaninzi ukuze yande enkulu oovimba imali yelinye ilizwe.

Nangona kunjalo, lo SDR - ayikho into oyidingayo yexesha elidlulileyo. Baya ziqhubekile ukubakhona yaye yaba negalelo elibonakalayo ngeziphumo ukukhululeka yeengxaki zemali zehlabathi. Ngo-2009, i-SDR wakhutshwa ukwandisa isambuku yenkqubo yoqoqosho lwehlabathi kwi-mali ka-182,6 billion. Bona intw loovimba ezisemthethweni amalungu i-International Monetary Fund, amaxhoba yeengxaki zemali.

Asikwazi athi SDR - lwemali okanye imfuneko zeIMF. abanini zabo ukuze bafumane iimali ezisebenzisekayo ngokukhululekileyo sisananelo kubo iindlela ezimbini:

1. Ukutshintshisana phakathi kwamalungu zeIMF, nto leyo ethatha indawo ngokuzithandela.
2. Ukuthenga amazwe uTsvangirai kusenezithuba zangaphandle ezifuna kumazwe uboleka namandla.

Ekubeni SDR - lwemali zokwenziwa, loo nto ayinakusetyenziswa ngabantu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Nangona kunjalo, isebenza ukubala nje kuphela i-IMF, kodwa iqela lemibutho ngamazwe (BIS, EBTS kunye nezinye iibhanki uphuhliso lommandla).

currency ukubunjwa

Ekuqaleni, ixabiso amalungelo umzobo abakhethekileyo fixed ngegolide. Omnye SDR eyayilingana kwixabiso 0,88871 iigrem olu. izinga lotshintshiselwano SDR eerandi ukuya US ukuba ichazwe 1: 1. Emva kokuwa kwenkqubo eBretton Woods ngo-1973 kunye nexabiso lalo loguqulelo lwe SDR yaba yaseHungari kubalwa ngokususela ingobozi zemali. Ekuqaleni izilingo kwi US dollar, Euro, yen kunye iponti omhle. Kutshanje, kwathiwa Kongezelelwa yuan. Utshintsho-1 Oktobha 2016. Ngoku Izinga SDR uzimisele ngokusekelwe isiseko ubunzima ilandelayo:

• US dollar - 41,73%.
• EUR - 30,93%.
• Yuan - 10,92%.
• Yen Japanese - 8.33%.
• British phawundi omhle - 8,09%.

Ixabiso le SDR epapashwa yonke imihla kwi-website esemthethweni zeIMF. yokubala yalo isekelwe phezu iindawo ngokobunzima engobozini esekelwe iireyithi, ezo iyalungiswa emini emaqanda kwi-London Stock Exchange.

Uluhlu ezimali ezibonakalisa ixabiso amalungelo lokuzoba ezizodwa, qiniseka yaphonongwa qho emva kweminyaka emihlanu yi IMF yiBhodi Executive, okanye ngaphambili ukuba kuyimfuneko ngokutshintsha iimeko inkqubo yehlabathi. I ezintsha olutsha ngokuqukwa esisengobozini le yuan Chinese. Ukujongwa elilandelayo nokubunjwa kwayo icetyelwe ukuba 2021.

Inzala amalungelo umzobo ezizodwa

Umlinganiselo wenzala kwi SDR - sisiseko bokubala imali zeIMF iintlawulo zemali-mboleko. Inika kwakhona ipesenti ehlawulwa liLungu States kwi nemfuyo yabo ngamalungelo lokuzoba ezizodwa wabekwa zolondolozo ezisasaziweyo.

Izinga Weekly zibalwa ngokusekelwe weighted average umdla ummeli izixhobo kwamatyala kunye nezinga ixesha lokuhlawula elifutshane kwiimarike zemali, eyenza le ibhaskithi.

Ukusasazwa le-asethi zemali

Umthamo SDRs kumalungu IMF i kisekiyo kwiiakhawunti zabo quota entlanganweni. Ngaloo ndlela, ilizwe ngalinye unayo yayo i reserve asethi yamazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo enxulumene iindleko ezongezelelweyo.

kanye indlela ukwabiwa kwamalungelo Ukuboleka self-mali. Ezo pesenti, ezo ebizwayo States kunye yonaniso ngokugqithisileyo ngokwenene ityala kunye namalungu IMF, abawasebenzisayo. Noko ke, abanini of SDRs - ayilelanga kuphela ilungu le-International Monetary Fund, kodwa ezinye imibutho yohlobo efanelekileyo. Phakathi kwabo, umzekelo, i-European Central Bank. bamalungelo emiselwe angasebenzisa SDRs kwindawo transaction omnye komnye okanye ne IMF angamalungu.

Ukuthenga nokuthengisa of SDRs

I-IMF kwimbali wawo ulwabiwo ezintathu SDR. Imali iyonke yokuqala ka-9.3 billion. Le unikezelo lwaqhutywa ukususela ngowe-1970 ukuya 1972. Ixesha elizayo isigqibo malunga wemvula-asethi reserve senziwa-1979 Imali iyonke yesabelo yesibini yaba 12.1 billion. Lakhutshwa ukususela 1979 ukuya 1981. Ngoko iminyaka emininzi zolondolozo SDR wahlala kwinqanaba elifanayo.

Kangangeminyaka eli-30 emva koko ngexesha elifanelekileyo isigqibo akuyomfuneko kweli nyathelo. Noko ke, Agasti 28, 2009 yenziwa unikezelo wesithathu yeengxaki zemali zehlabathi. Kwathiwa ke wakhululwa ngendlela engazange ibonwe SDR. Itotali yaba 161,2 billion. Ukongeza, iiveki ezimbini phambi kokuba ezongezelelweyo ngexesha elinye-wemvula loovimba-mali ka-21.5 ezigidi enikiweyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kude 2009, ngaphezu kwesinye-isihlanu ubulungu IMF (abo balandela intlangano emva 1981) Zange khe ulwabiwo SDR.

Amathuba kunye nendima China

Ngowe-2016, iBhanki yeHlabathi liqulunqe inkqubo iqhina ukuba imarike Chinese zasekhaya. Securities ngokweemali SDRs kwaye zilungiselelwe kubatyali-mali yeziko. I-World Bank walungelelanisa inkqubo ngentsebenziswano kwiibhanki ezinkulu Chinese. Ngumthamo opheleleyo yenkqubo 2 milliarda SDR. Ekuqaleni kulo nyaka (ngowe-1 Oktobha) kwi yuan yabandakanywa esisengobozini imali eyenziweyo ekhutshwe yi-IMF. Ngoku, lo SDR - ayikho kuphela oncomekayo imina leyo, yen Japanese, euro US dollar.