Kwengqondo yaseMelika ngezentlalo Meyo Elton: engobomi, igalelo kwinzululwazi. eksperimenti Hawthorne

theory ulawulo Modern amazwe ezisekelwe kwiimbono yenzululwazi omnye kwizikolo eziphambili - ngokwengqondo, nto leyo ethatha ingqalelo indima ubudlelwane kunye neendlela zokuziphatha. igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso School of Management, wazisa Elton Mayo. isikolo Human ubudlelwane aphawula ukuqala yophando esitsha kwicandelo yokuhlalisana ulawulo, ngezengqondo lombutho kunye nolawulo bengqondo.

Elton Mayo: A Biography (1880 - 1949)

Meyo Elton owazalelwa eOstreliya (Adelaide) ngo-1880 kwintsapho bokwenyani-ilifa. Ulungiselela umsebenzi ilifa uyisemkhulu wakhe, ugqirha odumileyo, Mayo Elton iminyaka emine ukufunda amayeza kumaziko ahlukeneyo emfundo: Adelaide University, iYunivesithi Edinburgh, i-London School of Medicine. Nomdla kwicala lezingluntu, yena ngo-1911 waphumelela kwiYunivesithi abanesidanga kwi "Psychology."

Meyo Elton wagqiba ekubeni azinikele kwinzululwazi waza wafundisa kwiYunivesithi Queensland (Brisbane), ilandelwe yi kwiYunivesithi of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), yaye ukususela ngowe-1926 - School Business School (USA). Iminyaka emihlanu, Meyo Elton, umphathi unjingalwazi kunye neprojekthi, wenza uphando lwemizi, ezixhaswa yi-Rockefeller Foundation. Emva umhlala-phantsi, wafudukela eNgilani, apho Meyo Elton wafa ngo-1949.

imifuniselo Hawthorne Mayo

Athandwa kakhulu kuluntu lwezenzululwazi waba experiments ka Elton Mayo, eziye zabanjwa kwi Hawthorne kwelinye iinkampani phambili - "Electric Western" kwiminyaka 1927-1932. Inkqubo imveliso kwi kwishishini yaququzelelwa ngenxa kweekhonsepthi zolawulo lwenzululwazi Taylor kunye Ford.

model ulawulo HR waba paternalistic. Xa abasebenzi xesha Pension qinisekisa i-inshorensi yezempilo kunye nokukhubazeka. Ijolise nje kuphela ekudalweni iziseko mveliso, kwakunye nokwakhiwa kwamabala emidlalo, izikolo, iivenkile, iiklabhu, njl Inani labasebenzi - 30 amawaka abantu beentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo.

izigaba zokufunda

Uphononongo yokuqala wokulinga (1924-1927 gg.) Ngaba ejoliswe ukufunda isiphumo sokukhanya okukufutshane kwimveliso. Hypothesis malunga nefuthe elihle sokukhanyisa waye ayiqinisekiswanga. Abaphandi arhola ingqalelo into yokuba imveliso yabasebenzi iyatshintsha phantsi kweempembelelo imiba eyahlukeneyo ezingalunganga.

(. 1927-1932) Isigaba sesibini phando igama "amalinge Hawthorne" apho amaqela ezininzi inxaxheba: iqela abaqokeleli wabacimi relay kubasebenzi exfoliated mica, typists wabacimi kunye zokucima-bulungisa yabantu, kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba zocingo, coil jiko, njl . ukukhetha yamaqela kwakungenxa ukufana kweemeko zokusebenza - umsebenzi phindo, nto leyo efunekayo ngendlela ophezulu.

Umongo yemifuniselo Hawthorne

Xa ukucikideka amaqela athabatha inxaxheba abaqokeleli relay lalibalwa ekuqaleni yi inqanaba labo ngamnye yemveliso. Xa inkqubo yeqela abasebenzi phando lunika ezahlukahlukeneyo iimpawu ezongezelelweyo, batshintsha iimeko zokusebenza, njl ukuze bafumane ulwazi malunga izinto ezichaphazela intsebenzo. Umzekelo, indlela yokukhuthaza iqela isetyenziswa ukwazisa ikhefu elongeziweyo ukuphumla, kunciphise ixesha engqesho ngeveki yaye ngemihla, luqilima esweni impilo abasebenzi, ingqalelo ngakumbi yanikwa nxaxheba olu lingelo yolawulo yenkampani.

Ezi mali negalelo isiphumo yokuphucula imeko yabasebenzi, ukugcina ngobubele kweli qela. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iqela ungquzulwano phakathi kwabasebenzi bobabini kunye nentloko yomzamo, nemveliso yaqala ukuna. Emva kokuba agxothwe aba basebenzi kunye nokuthatha sibaseendaweni yabo amandla amatsha imveliso liye landa nge phantse-30%.

Abaququzeleli be nokuhlola wacebisa ukuba aba bantu batsha, uzimisele ukubonisa ukubaluleka kwabo ze-esekwe kakuhle, aphathwe ngenyameko imisebenzi yabo kwezomsebenzi wobungcali, kunye nabasebenzi abadala, ngenxa yokoyika ukugxothwa, kanjalo baba nemveliso ngakumbi.

Le abavuni zokucima yesibini, iqela lolawulo, ngokunjalo kuhlawulwa iziqendu umsebenzi weqela, kunye nezinye iimeko ezongezelelweyo abadalelwanga kubo.

Umsebenzi Brigade, leyo wayenza delamination kaMika, ahlawulwa ngokwezi ngamnye inkqubo yokuqingqwa-rate piece. iqela typists afumana umvuzo ngeveki esekelwe kwiziphumo yomsebenzi owenziwa ngamnye.

Indima yomsebenzi zovavanyo Mayo

Meyo Elton wafumana iingxelo malunga nokuziphatha uthotho izifundo-sikhokelo yomzamo, wachaza kwaye evakalayo iziphumo, inkampani wacebisa abaphandi, uluntu wayeqhelene iziphumo yemifuniselo Hawthorne. Inkampani "Western Electric" ihlawulwe umsebenzi Mayo-mali ka $ 2,500 ngonyaka ngamnye (1929-1933.). Ekupheleni yemifuniselo, ngowe-1933, wapapasha ama Mayo "iingxaki Human impucuko mveliso," nto leyo sichaze nje kuphela iziphumo zophando, kunye nemiba inshorensi uzinzo kwentlalo yoluntu mveliso.

Ukutolikwa iziphumo Elton Mayo

Ukuhlalutya iziphumo yemifuniselo Hawthorne, Meyo Elton igxininisa kwingcingane yomsebenzi, ukufakelwa lwangaphakathi lwabasebenzi, ulwaneliseko lwakhe ukuze enze umsebenzi, kwakunye nomoya ngokwasengqondweni kwiqela nobunkokeli isimbo.

Abagxeki baye baqaphela ukuba akukho ingqalelo eyaneleyo ihlawulwe Mayo incentives yabasebenzi eziphathekayo. Sicinga uzinzo lwasekuhlaleni, Mayo ithi ngenxa ezidolophini kwemizi-mveliso kuluntu linengxaki yenkcubeko (anomie).

Ulwazi Mayo

Ngokubanzi, izifundo ubudlelane nabanye emsebenzini kunye neemfuno zabasebenzi ngamnye, wabeka isiseko nenguqulelo entsha kwi theory ulawulo, waba ezinxulumene ne igama Elton Mayo.

Iziphumo zolu phando yaba isiseko substantiation yengqiqo yokuphucula imveliso ngenxa utshintsho ngokwemigaqo ezingaphathekiyo zenzululwazi. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iingcamango ezijongwa ubudlelwane esisiseko imveliso kunye nemivuzo, Meyo Elton wacebisa ukuba umgangatho womsebenzi kuchaphazela ulwaneliseko umsebenzi ngezikhundla zabo kwiqela, ubudlelwane kunye nabaphathi kunye noogxa.

Ngoko ke, ukuphucula inkcubeko yombutho, ukuphucula amanqanaba nabanye ngundoqo kulawulo olusebenzayo, njengoko kuchaziwe Elton Mayo. imifuniselo Hawthorne kwaba ngumsebenzi ophambili nempembelelo ngabantu izinto uvuselelo engaphele ndawo yolawulo.

Kontsentsiya nokuziphatha ekuhlaleni

Mu kuya kwa nshita ingqiqo umntu kwezoqoqosho (Taylor), isigama nokuziphatha ekuhlaleni kwabantu oye abeke phambili Elton Mayo. Management lijonge ukwandisa imveliso kweli qela. Ngokubambisana yabasebenzi, njengayo nayiphi na inkqubo loluntu, ipropati ezahlukeneyo nesummativnosti, ie, iimpawu irreducibility kwenkqubo ukuya sum of iimpawu sezulu. Amalungu abasebenzi, ingulowo umntu kunye neemfuno zabo, kufuneka, iinjongo, uhlobo usoloko inkqubo ekhethekileyo loluntu.

iindlela zolawulo ejoliswe nkqubo isebenze kakuhle. Iqela ngalinye liza kuba apha naphaya. Kodwa njengoko sithetha ngokubanzi, inkqubo yolawulo olusekelwe authoritarianism, kusenokuba siphila ixesha elifutshane, yaye isebenza kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Imisebenzi yoluntu ungaphumelela phantsi kwelungiselelo elithi ikhawulelana umdla zakhe kuphela.