Abanemvume: esibekelwe eRashiya

Igama elithi "abanemvume" wangena revolution yezenzululwazi egqwesileyo Renaissance, ngaloo ndlela zobulumko-nabantu ugxininise uqhagamshelwano ixesha yakhe kudala: ukusuka 'age yegolide "lobuntu, bahlukane umyinge othile, kweli thuba lokulungiselela utshintsho," yobumnyama ", njengoko wababiza Petrarch. Kamva gama, kakade, ilahlekile intsingiselo yalo, kodwa historiography njengoko ngcamango eyamkelekileyo ulondoloze igama "kumaXesha Aphakathi", kukho ixesha apho iquka ixesha ukususela kwinkulungwane 5 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16. Le mida ungumzalwana zahluke kwimbali ithi ezahlukeneyo.

ngemigaqo yokubala

Ukulandelelana kweziganeko periodization - isalamane iindlela zamntu yaziswa ngabaphandi esetyenziselwa lula sokubekwa lomsitho ixesha afanayo kumazwe ahlukeneyo, njl Oku kusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwixesha ebizwa ngokuba "abanemvume 'lwesithuba, izakhelo nezenyama leyo yi .. ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kugwebela mbali basekhaya angaphandle. Njengokuba kufanele wabonisa A. Ya. Gurevich, abantu kumaXesha Aphakathi, kwakunye yamandulo okanye amaxesha mihla, akazange ukunika igama ubudala lakhe, akazange aqonde ukuba siphila kwixesha of the Ages Aphakathi. Xa olwahlula inkqubo zembali ngamaxesha okuphumla lwamaxesha izazinzulu bakhokelwa ngeempawu original ezithile, iimpawu umgangatho lokuba a elithile ethile.

periodization

Ngokuthi isiko historiographical imele abanemvume Western eYurophu? ifreyim Time (leminyaka) - kunye V apha. phambi kokuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVI. Ngeli thuba phantse amawaka nyaka-ixesha ngokuqhelekileyo ukwahlula ezi zigaba zilandelayo:

• V-XI cc. ebizwa Early Middle Ages (okanye "yobumnyama", njengoko eli xesha kwimbali lasisiseko senkcubeko yoluntu loluncinane wafundela ngenxa paucity of ukubonakaliswa imithombo). Oko yaqala emva kokuwa uBukhosi baseRoma. Eyona nto kakhulu umxhelo - ukufuduka enkulu kwezizwe, ukoyisa we namaKristu saseIberia (ekuthiwa-Reconquista), lo zebhola ye baseByzantium uBukhosi, i amakhosi karhulumente.
• XI-XIV cc. - Classic (okanye High) Ages Aphakathi. Okukhulu - ukukhula ngokukhawuleza labemi eNtshona Yurophu, phantse ukusasazeka jikelele ubuKristu, Zomnqamlezo, ukuba uphuhliso imizi ezidolophini, ukuvela kunye nophuhliso yonxulumano wobukhosi.
• XIV-XVI eminyaka. wabhekisela KumaXesha Aphakathi kade (abanye abaphandi ndigqiba eli xesha le kumaxesha angaphambili namhlanje). Eli xesha iintlekele, indlala, isibetho, War i Kwiminyaka Elikhulu 'kunye ukuhlaselwa Mongol-Tatar, zonakalisa nzulu Western Europe. Nangona kunjalo, eli xesha iBandla yoHlaziyo, kumhlaba ezifunyaniswe enkulu, uphuhliso inzululwazi, izinto, impumelelo amayeza emveli.

Abanemvume: esibekelwe ukuba iRussia

Lo mmandla kuhlale ngokwezizwe Slavic, ukusekwa yombuso wobukhosi ingacota kunendlela kwi West kuba mbali abaninzi kuthi ga ekuqaleni kwexesha aphakathi ukuya IX. A ixesha entsha iqala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII. noPetros I. era ngaphakathi ulawulo elabelwe amaxesha ezahlukeneyo:

• eminyaka IX-XII. - ubukho karhulumente esembindini Kyivan.
• XII-XIII iinkulungwane. - ekuqaleni eqhekekileyo feudal yaye ungekafiki owama belizwe phantsi kolawulo Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe.
• XIV-XVII eminyaka. - ukusekwa kunye nophuhliso zikarhulumente Russian ikomkhulu yayo eMoscow.

Iimpawu ubudala

Ukususela kumaXesha Aphakathi ikhangeleka ngokulandelelana, ifreyim ixesha ezinxulumene iziganeko neziphumo utshintsho vuhlayiseki. V ekupheleni. aweza iqaba, yozigqabhuza eRoma - inqaba engundoqo impucuko yamandulo ngelo xesha, yaye ekuqaleni VI. basaba khona isikolo lokugqibela yamandulo-bulumko.

Eyona nto ibalasele ngayo kuMbindi Ages Early - le ukwandiswa ubudlelwane zezizwe izizwe ngumbharbhari kothethayo iYurophu kunye ukuyilwa ezibuswa, ukuba ekupheleni kwexesha ekhokelela ukuyilwa ithi esembindini kunye amakhosi. Ngokupheleleyo batshintsha eli lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho kumaXesha Aphakathi. Spatial, kwenkululeko nezenyama ngexesha uxhulumeneyo ngamandla kunye ukusasazeka unqulo lwamaKristu, nto leyo ngokwakhayo i moya yokomoya feudalism njengoko ubuhedeni kwaba kanye uphawu kwenkqubo yezizwe kuluntu.

izizwe kakhulu lenqaba zonke iifitsha ngasentla zibonwa kwimbali yabo ngokucacileyo kuphela IX., Xa ukusekwa urhulumente lwenzeka kunye iziko e Kiev. Malunga nexesha elifanayo emhlabeni Russian bangangeni ukusuka aseByzantium Christianity Eastern (Orthodox) rite, kunye Ekuveleni kwiwaka ofumana ubume esemthethweni.

Abanemvume classical

Ages High Aphakathi (. Abekiweyo XI-XIV kwiinkulungwane) iqala eNtshona Yurophu kunye nokusekwa Karla Velikogo kwaye urhulumente luphawulwa ekomelezeni izikhundla yamaKatolika iCawa, indima lwalo kuwo onke amanqanaba zezinto ezenziwa luluntu - ukususela kwezopolitiko kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Inkqubo yemfundo esilawulwa imfundiso zesikolo, indlela ekucingwa ngayo nenkcubeko eziphathekayo kakhulu inkolo.

AbangamaKristu igqiba Middle Ages Russian, leyo elisikiweyo njengoko umxholo isiganeko-ngamaxesha, ezahlukeneyo kakhulu ukusuka Koloni. Ngenkulungwane XII. Wamasiko wayengekho kuphela unqulo oluxhaswa ngurhulumente: abahedeni yokugqibela, amakholwa oothixo endala Slavic kwasala kwiindawo ehlathini ekude kwaye musa isongela bobukho karhulumente kwindawo enye. Kodwa ingxabano feudal ebizinyikimisa ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe naliphi na ilizwe kumaXesha Aphakathi (ixesha isakhelo eRashiya -. XII-XIII iinkulungwane), mngquli Kievan karhulumente, wayenza ixhoba lula ukuba ivela ingxokolo empumalanga ephila of Mongol-nangezinto. Ngenxa yoko, ukuqinisa igunya iCawa negalelo nezoyikiso zangaphandle ebusweni zakwamanye abahlaseli ingqiqo yobuzwe neyenkolo.

Ezi mpawu ezikhethekileyo maxesha yaseYurophu Russian

Umahluko esisiseko kweli xesha kwimbali Russia ukusuka Western iYurophu izicacele: ubukhosi Karla Velikogo lixesha kweentyatyambo ubuninzi inkcubeko, ukusekwa umfanekiso eziphefumlelweyo zamaXesha Aphakathi, kwiMpuma Yurophu kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi isidima ngokupheleleyo ezinxulumene umthwalo ngxabano ezinamandla iqela Asia.

Emva kokuba ngokubhukuqwa Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe akukwazekanga ukubuyisela ingqibelelo kumazwe asentshona yangaphambili Kievan Rus 'sasimanyene kwi Compostela-Volyn ulawulo, kwaye esempuma zonke impembelelo enkulu wafumana abathetheli Muscovite.

Eminyaka yokugqibela Ixesha High Ages Aphakathi

Isiphelo eWest High Middle Ages ezinxulumene yindlala yantlitha kakhulu belizwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV., Nezifo isibetho, yamahlwempu ukuvukela yiMfazwe Kwiminyaka Elikhulu '. Zonke ezi ziganeko ezibuhlungu kuqulathe ngokoqobo ekutshabalaleni isiqingatha sabantu, kungeso ukuhla kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi.

Ngelo xesha omnye Russian Ages Aphakathi, ixesha eliqingqiweyo XIV-XVII iinkulungwane., Kwaqalisa ixesha nokusekwa kunye nokomelezwa zikarhulumente ngeenxa eMoscow. Russia wayomelele ngokwaneleyo ngeli xesha, ukuze bawubuyise umthwalo edyokhweni Golden mkhosi. Ngaphezu koko, abaphandi abaninzi basekhaya batyekela ukubona zikarhulumente Russian omtsha ngokususela Vladimir-Suzdal kwimbali nenkcubeko izithethe, iinkalo uphawu le Renaissance. Le nezidubula ngayo nenkcubeko, izakhiwo, ukupeyinta, kunye ukuvela lwemisebenzi yoncwadi apho ingqalelo le ndoda neemvakalelo zakhe kunokuba imicimbi yonqulo.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII. phezu kwetrone uya Romanov ubukhosi, amalungu walawula ilizwe phambi ukubhukuqwa ezasebukhosini ngo-1917

I Ages ngasekupheleni yaye ke inguqu kwixesha entsha

Le ngcamango ingahlali of Ages Aphakathi indlela emva kwexesha, ixesha isakhelo kunye namazwe zigutyungelwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: ethile kubonisa ngokucacileyo ngakumbi ngokusebenzisa iimpawu mihla, kwaye kwezinye iindawo le yemveli indlela feudal yobomi sigcinwe. Xa United of Western Yurophu kukho intshukumo Yohlaziyo webandla siphuma revolution kwimizi-ukutshintsha bulumko kunye nombono ehlabathini. , Nasebukumkanini eMoscow phantse amabini eminyaka, yonke into wahlala eyona ingaguqukanga, ukususela kumaXesha Aphakathi eRashiya (. Abekiweyo kwiinkulungwane IX-XVII) iphela kakhulu kamva.

Abanemvume Western eYurophu, ixesha eliqingqiweyo, wayegqiba ixesha phantse amawaka nyaka-, ibhekisela ekupheleni XV - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVI. Kwindawo yokuqala ukuthatha ukufunyanwa of America ngu Columbus kakhulu ngo-1492

ERashiya, ixesha ngokupheleleyo kumaXesha Aphakathi kwenzeka kuphela kuPetros I linani njengenguqu inkqubela yaye ngokufuthi abangafunwayo kwenkulungwane XVII emva kwexesha.

Iziphelo: abanemvume baseYurophu Western kunye Russian

Ngoko ke, ixesha elimisiweyo of the Ages Aphakathi eRashiya naseNtshona Yurophu zahlukile kakhulu, kodwa kakuhle eli xesha imiba kakhulu efanayo. Le ukongamela leCawa nonqulo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi, kunye ekomelezeni ubudlelwane bondage, kunye nokusekwa kwe ukumkani, eza kuhlala kwi Times New.

Ekupheleni kumaXesha Aphakathi yaqalisa ecacileyo inkqubela zeteknoloji - ceba amaziko nokuphalazeka kwelifu, umpu, umatshini wokushicilela. Le ngcamango wemfundo. Inkqubela ngokuthe wabonakalaliswa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kwiZigaba Aphakathi emva kwexesha baqalisa nokugqama ngokukhawuleza art.