Abalawuli yokuqala ka-Russia. Abalawuli of Russia yamandulo: kubalwa kunye nempumelelo

Xa nobukhulu bendawo East European Plain nokuxubana wayephila ukusuka kudaladala xesha, ookhokho bethu ngqo. Namanje abazi xa kufika apho. Nantoni na, kodwa kungekudala babethe qwelele ngokubanzi kulo mfula omkhulu ngaloo minyaka. kwiidolophu Slavic kunye needolophana wesuka kwiBaltic ukuya kuLwandle Black. Nangona ukuba ugqatso-wesizwe, ngokukodwa seluxolweni phakathi kwabo njengabangabangakho.

Livumela rhoqo ngokukhawuleza mkhulu iinkosana yezizwe ngubani kungekudala waba mkhulu, waza waqalisa ukulawula yonke Kievan Rus. Yaba umlawuli wokuqala Russia, abamagama bahlile beza kuthi kungcelele uthotho iinkulungwane eziye kudlule ukususela ngoko.

Riurik (862-879)

Malunga isimo lo mzobo zembali nangoku yokuguguma ingxoxo phakathi izazinzulu. Enoba kwakukho umntu onjalo, okanye umlinganiswa ngokuhlangeneyo, ngokukhuthazwa zonke labalawuli yokuqala eRashiya. Nokuba yena ongaphandle, nokuba benemfundo. Hi ndlela leyi, hi phantse asazi ngokuba ngubani na abalawuli Russia phambi Rurik, ukuze yonke into mayisekelwe kuphela nokucingela kulo mbandela.

imvelaphi lenqaba kungenzeka kakhulu, kuba Rurik isiqhulo ukuba yaguqulelwa uNorman lwaso obizwa ngokuba "Rurik" i lesiteketiso Ukhetshe, ngayo ulwimi Old Slavonic. Enoba yayiyintoni na, kodwa ukuba kucingwa nguyise wabo bonke karhulumente Old Russian. Rurik bedinil (njengoko kwakunjalo kunokwenzeka), izizwe ezininzi Slavic phantsi kwengalo yakhe.

Noko ke, kule ishishini, ezishiyanayo impumelelo, phantse bonke abalawuli Russia. Kuyinto ngenxa yemizamo yabo, ilizwe lethu namhlanje anendima hlobo kwimaphu yehlabathi.

Oleg (879-912)

Kukho unyana Rurik kaThixo Igor, kodwa wayesemncinane kakhulu ngexesha lokufa kayise, kodwa ngenxa yokuba i Duke Grand waba ngosikhaphela yakhe, Oleg. Yamdumisa igama lakhe nobutshantliziyo amathamsanqa ukuba wayehamba endleleni emkhosini. Ingakumbi ephawulekayo wokulwa eConstantinople, wawavulayo nokuxubana amathemba engakholelekiyo evela asakhulayo amathuba urhwebo namazwe kude wasempumalanga. bexesha lakhe ehlonelwa ukuze ngokuba "zesiprofeto Oleg".

Kakade ke, umlawuli wokuqala eRussia amanani edume kangangokuba ubuqhawe babo yokwenene asisayi kuze kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukwazi ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa ngokwenene Oleg yaba ubuntu obalaseleyo.

Igor (912-945)

Igor, unyana ka-Rurik, umzekelo Oleg naye waya ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuxhoma, umhlaba omninzi iqhotyoshelweyo, kodwa akazange qhawe ukuphumelela, kwaye iphulo yakhe Greece bonke ibidanisa. Kwaba nzima, ngokufuthi "Ububahluba" izizwe woyiswa ukuya wokugqibela, awusebenzeleyo ihlawulwe kamva. Igor walumkisa ukuba drevlyans akukho lula, kucetyiswa ukuba squad enkulu polyude. Akazange baphulaphule waza wabulawa. Ngokubanzi, kanye waxelela ngcelele TV "Abalawuli Russia."

Olga (945-957)

Noko ke, kungekudala drevlyans ngesenzo sakhe. umfazi Igor ka-Olga, oniphethe yokuqala ezimbini Amanxusa zabo liyachitha, uze emva koko Bawutshisa umzi omkhulu Drevlyane, Korosten. Ababephila siqononondise ukuba yena a ingqondo emangalisayo kunye ukuqina onenkani. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, akazange ukulahlekelwa intshi eyodwa somhlaba yoyiswa indoda kunye nezinyanya zakhe. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba yamkelwe ubuKristu kwiminyaka kamva.

Svjatoslav (957-972)

Svyatoslav waya ukhokho wakhe, Oleg. Kwakhona hlukile isibindi, bazimisela, ngqo. Wayeyindoda enkulu, ziyadanjiswa oyiswe nezizwe ezininzi nokuxubana, andibethe Pechenegs, kuba ezo ebekade. Njengezinye abalawuli Russia, wesuka waba (ukuba kunokwenzeka)-thethana "ngoxolo." Ukuba izizwe bavuma ukuba ayamkele into yokuba Kiev irhafu nomvuzo, nkqu abalawuli azitshintshanga.

Okuqhotyoshelwe de undefeated Vyatichi (owakhetha ukulwa emahlathini zabo luluqilima), wahlukana i Khazars, uze emva koko wathatha Tmutarakan. Nangona ubukhulu encinane yomdlalo balwa Bulgarians kwi iDanube ngempumelelo. Waloyisa Adrianople, waza wamsongela ukuthatha eConstantinople. AmaGrike ukhetha ukuhlawula esisityebi unikelo. Endleleni ebuyela, yena wabulala kunye njengeqela phezu enemisinga Dnieper, ukuba abulawe Pechenegs efanayo. Kuthathwa ukuba amakrele kunye iintsalela kwezixhobo ke squad bakhe ngexesha ekwakhiweni Dnieper.

iimpawu ngokubanzi kwinkulungwane 1

Ukususela ngoko, zombini phezu kwetrone walawula abalawuli yokuqala eRashiya, ixesha zoqhankqalazo rhoqo kunye neenkani Ndaqalisa ukuya esiphelweni. Kwafika ke umyalelo isalamane: enesihlwele esinzima njengenkosana wasivuna imida ukusuka zezizwe sobhedu, neengcwangu ephila, kwaye, yena, ilikhobokazana eliganelwe ukunceda Warriors, yaye wahlawula irhafu nomnikelo ngayo lerhafu. Inkxalabo ezingundoqo ezo Abathetheli Khazars: ngelo xesha ke kuhlawulwa irhafu (hayi rhoqo, ixesha elizayo kuhlasela), izizwe ezininzi Slavic, leyo kwajongela kakhulu igunya kurhulumente kazwelonke.

Enye ingxaki yaba ukungabikho inkolelo eqhelekileyo. On the nokuxubana, oyisa eConstantinople, uthathwa ngendelelo, njengoko ngelo xesha sele sihamba ngenkuthalo ifakiwe (ebuYudeni, ubuKristu), kwaye weentlanga mhlawumbi izilwanyana. Kodwa izizwe isenzo sokumelana zonke iinzame ukuba ziphazamise ukholo lwabo. Le etha "Abalawuli Russia" - umboniso kuyinyaniso kakhulu ukuba ubunyani ngexesha.

Oku kunegalelo yokwanda kwenani ingxokozelo ezincinane zikarhulumente abaselula. Ke Olga, waguquka kubuKristu waza waqalisa ukukhuthaza liyavumelana ukwakhiwa iicawa zamaKristu e Kiev, kwavula indlela nobhaptizo lizwe. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesibini apho abalawuli Russia bamandulo wadala ezininzi izinto ezinkulu.

St. Vladimir. Titsh (980-1015)

Njengoko sisazi, phakathi Yaropolk, Oleg kunye Vladimir, abo baba ziindlalifa Svyatoslav, andizange ukuba uthando lobuzalwana. Ayizange kunceda ukuba uyise ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi lochaziweyo ngamnye umhlaba wazo. Isiphumo salo ukuba watshabalalisa abazalwana Vladimir baza kulawula yedwa.

Le nkosana, umphathi Russia yamandulo, wamba Red Rus regiments, yaye abaninzi balwa ngenkalipho nxamnye Pechenegs kunye Bulgarians. Yena waye waduma umlawuli onesisa bayisindisile golide ukunika izipho abantu abanyanisekileyo kuye. Okokuqala, Waqhuba phantse onke amabandla abangamaKristu amabandla, ezazakhiwe kamama wakhe, yaye bambalwa lamaKristu batshutshiswa rhoqo kuye.

Kodwa ke imeko yezopolitiko kangangokuba ilizwe eziyimfuneko ukuze bakwazi ukuphila ukuba sihamba. Ukongeza, ababephila malunga nomvakalelo onamandla leyo kwavuka kwi inkosana ukuya inkosazana Byzantine uAna. A akukho lobuhedeni zayo omnye irhole. Ngoko ke abalawuli Russia yamandulo bavumelana ngemfuno ukuba abhaptizwe.

Kungenxa yoko le nto sele kunyaka 988 wathabatha indawo ubhaptizo amanene nayo yonke layo wakhe, waza waqalisa ukusasaza phakathi kwabantu le nkolo entsha. Basil and Constantine, umlawuli waseByzantium, anikwe Anna yoMntwana Vladimir. Malunga Vladimir ababephila bathetha nje nzima (ngamanye amaxesha ukhohlakele) umntu engqongqo,, kodwa ngokumthanda kwakhe ngokunyaniseka bakhe, ingqibelelo kunye nobulungisa. Ibandla nangoku uyayibonga igama isikhulu likaThixo, ngenxa yokuba waqala ukwakha kakhulu iitempile eli lizwe kunye neecawa. Yaba umlawuli wokuqala eRashiya, wabhaptizwa.

Sviatopolk (1015-1019)

Njengoyise, uVladimir ngexesha lokudla kwakhe wababela ilizwe oonyana bakhe abaninzi: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Jarosław, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris kunye Gleb. Emva kokufa kukayise, Sviatopolk wagqiba ekubeni kulawula yedwa, leyo wayalela ukususwa abazalwana babo, kodwa ndagxothwa eKiev ngu Yaroslav of Novgorod.

Ngoncedo Polish ukumkani Boleslaw namagorha, ukuba unako ukuyifunda Kiev aphakamileyo, kodwa abantu ebanda. Kungekudala, kwanyanzeleka ukuba abalekele kweso sixeko, waza ke wafa endleleni. ukufa kwakhe - ibali emnyama. Kuthathwa ukuba wathabatha ubomi bakhe. Ngokwesithethe abantu ngokuthi "uqalekisiwe."

Yaroslav Mudry (1019-1054)

Jaroslav ngokukhawuleza yaba ngumlawuli ezizimeleyo Kievan Rus. Eziphawulekayo ukuba ingqondo enkulu, wenze okuninzi sophuhliso karhulumente. Ezakhelwe godlo ezininzi, negalelo nokusasazwa yokubhala. negunya lakhe fanele kwi "Inyaniso Russian", ukuqokelelwa yokuqala esemthethweni imithetho babekwa kwilizwe lethu. Sanukufana nooyihlo bakhe, kwaoko wabanika oonyana ngamaqhinga mhlaba, kodwa bohlwaywe ngokuqatha 'ukuhlala ngoxolo, ubuqhinga nganye ezinye ukuzilungisa. "

Izjaslav (1054-1078)

Izyaslav wayengunyana omdala ka Yaroslav. Ekuqaleni imithetho Kiev, wazibonakalisa umlawuli elungileyo, kodwa abantu bayazi ukuba nabazali kakuhle kakhulu. Last kwaye wadlala indima. Xa waya Polovtsy ubunzima ezingumqobo phulo, abantu Kiev ukuba iphoswe nje phandle, unqula ebukumkanini umzalwana wakhe, Svyatoslav. Emva kokufa kwakhe, Izyaslav babuyela kuloo mzi capital.

Ngokusisiseko, yaba umlawuli elungileyo kakhulu, kodwa ke isabelo sayo bawa amaxesha nzima. Njengabo bonke abalawuli okuqala Kievan Rus, kwafuneka ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi imibuzo enzima.

iimpawu ngokubanzi ngenkulungwane yesi-2

Kwiinkulungwane ukususela laseRashiya ivelele ezininzi phantse ezizimeleyo izilawuli: Kiev (koyena), Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal (Vladimir-Suzdal kamva), Compostela-Volyn. Ngokuzimeleyo emi Novgorod. Uqhuba vechem umzekelo polis yamaGrike, yena ngokubanzi wakhangela phezu abathetheli, ayilunganga kakhulu.

Nangona le uqhekeko, ngokusesikweni eRashiya kuseyinto ukuba uzimele geqe. Jarosław wakwazi ukuba amsunduze imida yayo de ros River (isebe Dnieper). Phantsi Vladimir ilizwe kubuKristu, ekhulayo impembelelo Byzantium kwi imicimbi yayo yangaphakathi.

Ngoko ke, xa intloko Metropolitan Church ntsha limi, ingxelo ngqo eConstantinople. Ukholo kwenzé ngayo kungekuphela nje unqulo, kodwa kananjalo oonobumba entsha, imithetho emitsha. Abathetheli ngelo xesha wenza kubanjiswane nebandla, wakha iicawa ezininzi ezintsha, ukukhuthaza imfundo yabantu bayo. Yaba ngeli xesha wahlala ke Nestor odumileyo, ngubani na ke umbhali iirekhodi ezibhaliweyo ezininzi ixesha.

Ngelishwa, kwaba arhabaxa njalo. ingxaki obungunaphakade baba ngokuthi ukudliwa rhoqo loonothwal, nembambano lwangaphakathi, amazwe rhoqo neqwengiweyo, ndayihluthwa bamandla ayo. Njengoko kuboniswe Nestor, umbhali we "Zibekeni" kubo: "iyalila ilizwe Russian." Qala ukubonisa izimvo emfundo yeCawa, kodwa mali yona imbi ukuba abantu bamkele unqulo olutsha.

Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa ngenkulungwane yesithathu.

Vsevolod I (1078-1093)

Vsevolod kuqala zingahambi kakuhle ezantsi embalini abe ngumlawuli ongumzekelo. Yena uyinyaniso, uthembekile, nesandla ekwakhiweni kunye nophuhliso ulwimi olubhaliweyo, wayesazi iilwimi ezintlanu. Kodwa akazange abe emkhosini yaye iitalente ezopolitiko. kuphangwa Constant Polovtsy, nayindyikitya yokufa, imbalela, nendlala aniyi kuba negalelo igunya lakhe. Kuphela unyana wakhe Vladimir, kamva elithi Monomakh, waza wahlala etroneni kayise (a ityala unique phakathi kwezinye izinto).

Sviatopolk II (1093-1113)

Ngaba unyana ka Izyaslav, yahlukile ubuntu obuhle, kodwa ongenamqolo kakhulu kwezinye iindawo, nto leyo iinkosana ezithile kuqwalaselwa ukuba i-Grand Duke. Noko ke, yena walawula kakuhle kakhulu: Mamela icebiso elifanayo Vladimir Monomakh, ngomhla Dolobskom Congress ngowe-1103 wamcenga abachasi bakhe ukuba iphulo elidityanelweyo nxamnye "bagwetywe" Polovtsian, yaye emva koko ngo-1111 ukuba bagxothiwe.

imveliso Military olugoso. Grand Neendwalutho of Polotsk phantse ezimbini elinesibini babulawa kuloo mfazwe. Olu loyiso kwaqhenqetha kakhulu kulo emazweni Slavic kwi kokubini eMpuma naseNtshona.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)

Nangona isibakala sokuba ngubani omkhulu akazange athabathe etroneni Kiev, uVladimir wonyulwa ukuba isigqibo linye. Olu hlobo lothando kungenxa italente yezopolitiko kunye zomkhosi engaqhelekanga Prince. engqondweni obesazeka, anobukroti yezopolitiko kunye yasemkhosini, waba nesibindi kakhulu kushishino emkhosini.

iphulo elowo holiday Polovtsian ingqalelo (Cumans izimvo zakhe ukuba kwabelwane). Loko Monomakh ngokugqithiseleyo nenzondelelo kwimibandela nokuzimela abathetheli ungqongqo iyanqanyulwa. Ishiya inzala "Imiyalelo Children", nto leyo ethetha ngokubaluleka kwenkonzo ngokunyaniseka waza wazincama ukuya looMawokhulu.

Mstyslav I (1125-1132)

Emva Izimiselo nguyise wakhe, yena wahlala kulo elimiweyo kunye nabazalwana bakhe kunye nezinye iinkosana, kodwa wangqungisana kwenye uthsuphe yovukelo kunye ukusukela kwengxabano yamakhaya. Ngoko ke, iinkosana Polovtsian yena wakhwela ubeka bemke kwelo lizwe, emva kokuba kunyanzeleke ukuba niyibaleke umlawuli ukunganeliseki eseByzantium. Ngokubanzi, abaninzi abalawuli Kievan Rus wazama ukumbulala ngokungeyomfuneko iintshaba zawo.

Jaropolk (1132-1139)

Waziwa ngokuba amacebo zakhe kwezopolitiko, nto leyo ekugqibeleni wajika embi ngokunxulumene "Monomakh". Ekupheleni wobukumkani bakhe, ugqiba Kwathi itrone umninawa wakhe awuzange, nomtshana wakhe. It phantse awufikeleli yombhodamo, kodwa itrone isekhona umva kwinzala Oleg Sviatoslavovych, "O.". Hayi ixesha elide, kunjalo.

Vsevolod II (1139-1146)

Vsevolod wayehluke zokuthenga ngendlela elungileyo mlawuli, walawula ngobulumko ngokuqinileyo. Kodwa yena wayefuna Kwathi itrone Igoryu Olegovichu, nokukhusela i "O.". Kodwa ke abantu Kiev Akazange amqonde Igor, kwanyanzeleka ukuba izibhambathiso emishini, uze ngokupheleleyo wabulawa.

Izjaslav II (1146-1154)

Kodwa abahlali of Kiev bavuya kunye Izyaslav II Mstislavovich ukuba izakhono zakhe zaqaqamba kwezopolitiko, anobukroti bokulwa nengqondo wamkhumbuza ngokucacileyo kuye kayisemkhulu, Monomakh. Yaba nguye lowo waqalisa ukuba abaseleyo ukusukela ulawulo okunjalo lobhontsi: Ukuba uhlala umalume njengenkosana ngolo hlobo, ngumtshana ukufumana itrone yakhe akakwazi.

I waba uDlamini esibi uYuri Vladimirovich, iNkosana Rostov-Suzdal. Igama lakhe liya kuthi nto kwabaninzi, kodwa emveni koko uYuri Dolgoruky prozovut. Izyaslav kabili ngaba ukubaleka eKiev, kodwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe akazange wanika kwetrone.

KaYuri Dolgorukiy (1154-1157)

Ekugqibeleni kaYuri ofumana imvume yokungena kwitrone Kiev. Ukhe wahlala phezu kwalo iminyaka emithathu kuphela, eye kakhulu: ukuba iyamcamagusha (okanye ndibavelele) abathetheli, negalelo yokuhlanganisa amazwe zuka phantsi ngamandla kakhulu. Kodwa ke wonke umsebenzi wakhe nganto, ekubeni Dolgoruky baphikisana phakathi abathetheli ekufeni emva batsho unamandla ahlaziyiweyo.

Mstyslav II (1157-1169)

Kuyinto intshabalalo kunye neengxabano kwakhokelela ekubeni ebukumkanini Mstislav II Izyaslavovich. Yayingumphathi elungileyo, kodwa eyahlukileyo nengathandwanga kakuhle kakhulu kwaye ahlale Knyazhye imbambano ( "Yahlula kwaye lulawulo"). It ukhupha evela eKiev Andrei Yurevich, unyana Dolgoruky. Yaziwa embalini phantsi elithi Bogolyubsky.

Ngowe-1169, Andrew ayiphelelanga ukugxothwa lotshaba okubi uyise, ngaxeshanye ukutshiswa emhlabeni Kiev. Ngoko ke endlebeni ngaxeshanye, kunye nabantu of Kiev, ngubani wayesenze fumene umkhwa abathetheli ngokugxotha nangaliphi na ixesha, Ebizele Duchy yakhe nabani na isithembiso kubo "isonka zize zonwabise".

Andrew Bogolyubskii (1169-1174)

Kamsinya nje uAndreya wathabatha amandla, ngoko nangoko ethutha ikomkhulu kwisixeko ayithandayo, uVladimir kwi Klyazma. Ukususela ngoko, ukuma lubalaseleyo of Kiev nangoko waqalisa ukuba buthathaka. Isiphelo-bomi baba ngqwabalala yaye indelelo, Bogolyubskii wayengayamkeli yeetawuli ezininzi izinduna, enqwenela ukuseka amandla yedwa. Abantu abaninzi abazange uyithande, kodwa ngenxa yokuba Andrew wabulawa iyelenqe.

Ngoko wenza umlawuli wokuqala Russia? Le theyibhile inika impendulo jikelele lo mbuzo.

period	feature
ngekhulu lokuqala	Ukudalwa kukho umatshini lukarhulumente owomeleleyo enobunye wawalwela kwimida salo ezintshabeni. Ukwamkelwa of Christianity njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo zezopolitiko nezentlalo
ngenkulungwane yesibini	Ukwandiswa ngakumbi kummandla Russia, longquzulwano nemizamo "separatism"
ngekhulu lesithathu	kokupha ngakumbi kumazwe ezintsha, kudalwa iinkosana anezikrokro ukudala imiqathango ukuze lobuzwilakhe

Enyanisweni, ngokufanayo ukwenza bonke abalawuli eRashiya ukusuka Rurik ukuya Putin. Table kwenzeke Kwathi bonke ubunzima abantu bethu ubunzima lukhuni dlela yokuba urhulumente.