Harun al-uRashid: iinjongo, impumelelo, abachasi. Eliwaka Harun al-uRashid

Isiqingatha sesibini BC 8 yabalasela buthathaka ngurhulumente kazwelonke, kunye nakwiindawo ezikude Caliphate wafumana ifuthe kuphuhliso. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi utshintsho jikelele bema ngaphandle ingakumbi Baghdad. Ngokukhawuleza yaba asethi zenkcubeko nezopolitiko kobo bukhosi Muslim. In a olukhula ngokukhawuleza umthengisi mzi, ngokomakhi, nesoldati - wonke umntu ukufumana umsebenzi. A yimpumelelo ingakumbi unokwenza umsebenzi ngempumelelo yaye babe esondele i likaCaliph, ogama - Harun al-uRashid.

Tales kunye người

namabali Arab phambi kwakhe, ndawonye umlawuli Baghdad njenge umxhasi elungileyo ngobulumko bezakhiwo oosonzululwazi, van'wankumi noMdali. Ngumfanekiso Harun al-uRashid yayintle kangangokuba emva igama lakhe laba igama, elibhekisela umntu onesisa eyaziyo, ngamandla, elungileyo nenobulungisa. Kodwa ke kucacile ukuba, njengokuba onke, kwaba iintsomi kakhulu prosaic ngakumbi.

ebuntwaneni umbusi

Kwisixeko samandulo Ray, ngubani na ekufutshane Iran, ngo-766, yena wazalwa umzukulwana omkhulu Al-Mansur - ngunozala i IAbbasid ubukhosi, leyo kudala olawulwa caliphate olukhulu. izinto zabo kwandiswa ukusuka emideni Indiya kunye neTshayina ukuya kunxweme Atlantic. Umkhulu Harun al-uRashid nisekelwe Baghdad. Last ixesha wokuzalwa ucaliph elizayo waba isixeko zizityebi obunempumelelo, umhombiso engundoqo apho ebhotweni likaCaliph. Khan waba unina ikhoboka Yemeni elizayo yi igama Al-Hayzuran ukuba likaCaliph wenza ishweshwe layo, yaye emva koko ebemzekile.

Harun al-uRashid wachitha ebuntwaneni bakhe uyimvoco, noxhamla ubuncwane, engqongwe nabahlobo, usapho kunye mentors sisilumko. Nangona ubutyebi ezaziwangqongile, wangenelwa womelela kwaye omelele - abatoli ezintle, kunye swordsman, yaba umkhweli obalaseleyo. Ukususela kwasebuntwaneni ekuqaleni, mentors bakhe abameli Barmakids olinene nabaselula Jafar al Barmakids waba umhlobo wakhe iminyaka.

Nemikhankaso yokuqala

Ngesicelo kanina Harun kwindawo eselula ilishumi linamithandathu ezelwe, unyana ka-likaCaliph wathabatha inxaxheba kwiphulo lomkhosi nxamnye uBukhosi baseByzantium. Kucacile ukuba umthetho lo ngegama kuphela, yonke impi abanamava iinkokeli ngaphezulu zomkhosi. Nangona calumnies ezininzi, ababetha endlebeni kayise, iqela Harun al-uRashid, baba phantsi ndimangalisiwe. indlalifa Young wabonisa sobukhalipha esibalaseleyo emfazweni kunye wit, yaye akaba unokuthenjwa namatyala ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi.

Emva kokubuya besikolo, Harun al-uRashid wabelwa ukuba alawule Ifriqiya (ngoku eli lizwe ukwakweli kummandla Tunisia mihla), eArmenia, Azerbaijan Syria. Xa uluhlu contenders ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi likaCaliph, waba yesibini kuphela wakhe kumntakwenu Musa.

Ulawulo elifutshane al-Hadi

Emva kokufa ucaliph Musa wathabatha etroneni phantsi kwegama al-Hadi. umzalwana wakhe, wagxotha entolongweni kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba afunge ukuba soze Harun al-uRashid akazange athi itrone kwaye uya kukhonza ngokuthembeka kwakhe umzalwana-irhuluneli.

Kodwa unina Haruna kunye nomhlobo wakhe Jafar isifungo esinjalo ukuba ukunika ulawulo-obufutshane ka-al-Hadi in caliphate yakhe. Ngo-786, wafa ngesiquphe, yaye zathathelwa indawo Harun.

Iinjongo Harun al-uRashid

Umzabalazo kwetrone lobukhosi - oko kukumelana elide kunye wamagazi. Emva kokuba anyukele etroneni, i Harun into entsha yokuqala iqhubeka nokudlala indima ngegama, yaye walawula ilizwe utitshala wakhe kunye Barmakids ezinamandla. Kwisigwebo sayo likaCaliph oselula yayikhokelwe iimfundiso zenkosi yakhe Yahya ibn Khalid, ixesha elininzi kunye wamnika unina, ebafundisa ukuba etroneni.

Emva kokufa kanina, Harun al-uRashid kuxhaphaka ukubatshabalalisa impembelelo Barmakids clan enamandla kwaye athathe izintso ngezandla zabo. Bangi eziphambili Harun al-uRashid ngoku - abahlobo bakhe bangaphambili kunye mentors. NgoJanuwari 29, engama-803 ukususela ezandleni vizier wakhe Jafar kokubulawa - elide-emi kunye nomhlobo unyanisekileyo le likaCaliph. Ngaba nandzu bammangalela nabagxeki engaziwa ityala okanye urhano le likaCaliph - inyaniso, asinakuze sazi. Kula maxwebhu azizikhokelo nazo emsebenzini umfundisi likaCaliph, kunye umthantamisi wakhe Yahya ibn Khalifa utshixeke ngokusisigxina phezulu entolongweni.

umbusi Policy

Eliwaka Harun al-uRashid, ekunokuthiwa ubudala yegolide le caliphate. noludumileyo kwiimeko zithile emkhosini ziityhafisa abamelwane ezithwaxwa yintlupheko okungakuncedayo behlasela kummandla ongaphandle bukhosi. Konke lizama phemba amadangatye emfazwe kalukhuni livunyelwe. Kweli xesha noxolo noko yorhwebo lihambele. Mhlawumbi ke abarhwebi Arab babo baberhweba lonke yaziwe ehlabathini, ukusasaza iindaba malunga likaCaliph entsha abe ngumlawuli nesisa sisilumko.

Nangona udumo lwakhe wayengumlawuli onamandla kunye nenkokheli arhabaxa emkhosini, Harun al-uRashid wayezikhathalele ilizwi izazinzulu nenceba kumahlwempu. Ngalo lonke ixesha lokulawula wayo, uthandaza imihla. Ngenxa yenkolo iimbongi iingcango zazisoloko zivulekile, Harun wayedla wamphulaphula kubo, ebavumela ukuba ukutolika iKoran, ukucula iingoma zokudumisa kwintetho yabo.

Inkqubela kwezenzululwazi kunye nokwakhiwa

Nangona lo mthetho jikelele, siya kuba inkululeko zibe Abissidskom caliphate sixeko. Khalifa walandela impumelelo izazinzulu abavela kumazwe ezahlukeneyo caliphate wakhe, waza wamema kubaphandi bakhe zezona ngcali zinetalente kunye nabayili. Ngale ndlela oko impumelelo waduma Harun al-uRashid, kungekudala bafunda yonke Arabhu. Le caliphate ukwakha iibhulorho kunye zamaSilamsi, wakha ifikile amadami, onkcenkceshelwayo umhlaba owomileyo engapheliyo i Caliphate. Kwakukho inkonzo esembindini yeposi, nto leyo eYurophu ngelo xesha Asizanga sive nokuva. Le imizila kwi kummandla Caliphate zaye lokukhuselwa zezihange, abahambi bema ezindaweni, ngaphandle yokwesabela impilo yabo kunye nolondolozo.

ukuyila okuhle

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngokutsho mbali mnye, Harun al-uRashid ya- kakhulu iiprojekthi loqhakamshelwano uLwandle Olubomvu amanzi romeyskoy (lweMeditera). Kuba ekuphunyezweni kwalo msebenzi i likaCaliph unendlela kunye nethuba. Le projekthi sakhatywa ngaphandle karhulumente ngenxa yezizathu zokhuseleko - abathetheli likaCaliph ngokuzimisela babesoyika ayehlasela iinqanawa aseByzantium impumelelo yabo kunxweme Hejaz. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo babuyela kule mbono kamva, ngaphezu kwewaka leminyaka ubudala, eyakhelwe kwisiza kweprojekthi yamandulo oluBomvu Canal.

Umfazi likaCaliph

Kungekudala, i likaCaliph atshate. ukhetho yakhe Zubeydda Ibn Dzhafar, umzukulwana ka likaCaliph al Mansour. mpumelelo ezininzi Harun al-uRashid ilungelo sifanele ukuba singathi enzeka ngamabona eli bhinqa ethile. Uye wenza igalelo elikhulu muhle mzi, kunye nokufakwa kwayo kwizitalato Baghdad kwizibane ezimnyama Wavutha, yena yenye abafazi bokuqala ukuba benze umsebenzi wokunceda. Wanika nomyeni wakhe nonyana, inkosi Abu Abdallu Al Allah, ngaxa lithile yaba yindlalifa ubukhosi kayise.

Umbusi nenkolo

Ububele nasekuhloneleni umlawuli zidibene engaqhelekanga isimo sakhe umnqwazi kwezinye iicawa. Ngemihla yakudala wobukumkani bakhe, wavakalisa ukuxolelwa, Ndibaxolele amakhulu abaphangi kunye namasela, kodwa wemka kwizisele zabantu, utoliko iKurani, nto leyo yahluke ukusuka njengesiqhelo. Kwihlabathi hristinskom aba bantu baya kubizwa ngokuba singabawexuki. Ekuthiwa-zindīq kwafuneka ukulahla esidlangalaleni exercises okubi wenze sicengo ethile yokukhululwa kwakhe. Síthi izizwe phantsi ukuhlazeka kule caliphate yaye ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho engqongqo ngaphezulu. Umzekelo, balelwa ukunxiba efanayo izihlangu kunxitywa amanye Muslims. Ayengavunyelwa ukuba kukhwela amahashe - iindlela eziphambili zothutho amaKristu kunye nezinye amaRoma ingqalelo iimazi zamaesile. Akadla inkxaso caliphate kunye amarhamente ezinye iinkonzo. Kulo nyaka 806 Harun al-uRashid ndinekhwele bahanahanisi ukwenza Islam unqulo kuphela ezweni labo, wayalela ukuba kubulawe bonke zonqulo zamaKristu kumazwe abo, enyanisweni esalelweyo ukwenza ubuKristu e caliphate yakhe.

Imihla yokugqibela likaCaliph

Lo mgaqo-ngxwaba Islam umi ekugqibeleni lawuzamazamisayo ubukumkani serene Abbadinskogo caliphate. nemisinga ezahlukahlukeneyo Inkolo yamaMuslim baye bafumanisa nabalandeli babo phezu ngaphandle kokumkani enkulu. Eziqhubekayo eYiputa, Tunisia kunye Central Asia. iimfazwe ezininzi elidlavula kanondyebo babefuna ingqalelo ekhawulezileyo yomlawuli. Khalifa babeye ukukhokela buqu amaphulo zomkhosi. Ngethuba ebuya Harun ukusuka kwenye umkhankaso onjalo, kunyaka 809, yena baqweqwediswa ukufa. Kuthiwa ukuba amazwi okugqibela ucaliph baba: ". Unomoya, umntu ofayo nje"