Abahlalutyi beencwadi babani? Abagxeki baseRussia

Ukugxekwa kwamatyala yintsimi yendalo eyenziwa kwicandelo lobugcisa (oko kukuthi, inkolelo) kunye nesayensi malunga nayo (ukugxekwa kweencwadi). Ngubani oyingcali kulo? Abachasayo ngabantu ababandakanyekayo ekuvavanyeni nasekuchazeni imisebenzi evela kwindlela yokuphila namhlanje (kubandakanywa nembono yoxinzelelo lweengxaki zobomi bokomoya kunye nentlalo), kunye neembono zabo, ziqinisekisa kwaye zityhile imigaqo yokudala yezindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubhala, zenza impembelelo echaphazelekayo kwinkqubo yokubhala , kwaye Ukuchaphazela ngqo ukubunjwa kweentlalo ezithile zentlalo. Bathembele kwimbali kunye nemfundiso yeencwadi, i- aesthetics nefilosofi.

Ukugxekwa kweencwadi kudla ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwezombusazwe, iindaba zendalo kwintlupheko. Kukho ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nezesayensi ezikufutshane: inzululwazi yezopolitiko, imbali, i-textology, iilwimi, i-bibliography.

Ukugxeka eRashiya

Umgxeki uBelinsky wabhala ukuba yonke inyathelo yeencwadi zelizwe lethu yayinokuqonda, okuchazwa ngokugxekwa.

Kunzima ukungavumelani nale nkcazo. Ukugxekwa kweRashiya kukwahluke kwaye kucacile njengencwadi yoncwadi yaseRussia. Oku kufuneka kuqatshelwe. Ababhali abahlukahlukeneyo (umgxeki uBelinsky, umzekelo) wabonisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba, ngokuzihlanganiswa ngendalo, wadlala indima enkulu ebomini bezenhlalakahle zelizwe lethu. Masikhumbule abalobi abadumileyo abazinikezele ekufundeni imisebenzi yeeklasiki. Abagxeki baseRashiya yi-D.I. Pisarev, N.A. Dobrolyubov, A.V. Druzhinin, A.A. Grigoriev, V.G. UBelinsky kunye nabanye abaninzi, abo amanqaku abo awabandakanyi nje uhlalutyo olunzulu lwemisebenzi, kodwa kunye nezobugcisa babo, imibono, imifanekiso. Bafuna ukubona emva komfanekiso wobuciko iingxaki ezibalulekileyo zezenhlalakahle nezokuziphatha zangaloo xesha, kwaye kungekhona nje ukuzibamba, kodwa nokubonelela ngezixazululo zabo ngezihlandlo.

Criticism

Amanqaku abhalwe ngabagxeki baseRashiya bayaqhubeka benempembelelo enkulu kwimpilo yokuziphatha nobomi bentlalo. Akunakwenzeka ngengozi edlulileyo sele sele ifakwe kwikharityhulam yeekharityhulam eziphoqelekileyo zelizwe lethu. Nangona kunjalo, kwizifundo zoncwadi ngaphezu kweeminyaka emininzi, abafundi baye baqhelana ngokukodwa ngamacandelo amanqaku athile aqhelekileyo. Abagxeki beli nqanaba nguD.I. Pisarev, N.A. Dobrolyubov, N.G. Chernyshevsky, V.G. EBelinsky nabanye. Ngexesha elifanayo, imisebenzi yabalobi yayivame ukubonwa njengomthombo weengcaphuno, apho abantwana besikolo "bazinikela" ngokuhlobisa imixholo yabo.

Iingcamango zokuqonda

Le ndlela yokufundwa kwee-classics yakha iimbono ezibonakalayo kwimibono yobuciko, kakhulu ebuthakathaka kwaye yenza lula umfanekiso oqhelekileyo wokuphuhliswa kweencwadi zaseRashiya, ezaziwayo, ngaphezu kwazo zonke, ngeengxabano ezibuhlungu kunye neengxabano.

Kutshanje, ngenxa yokuvela kweenkalo ezinzulu zezifundo, inkcazelo yokugxeka iRussia kunye neencwadi ziye zaba zizinto ezininzi kwaye zininzi. Amanqaku eN.N. IStakhova, A.A. Grigoryeva, N.I. Nadezhdina, I.V. Kireevsky, P.A. Vyazemsky, K.N. Batiushkov, N.M. Karamzin (bona umfanekiso weNikola Mikhailovich, eyenziwa ngumculi waseTropinin, ngezantsi) kunye nabanye abalobi abavelele belizwe lethu.

Iziganeko zokugxekwa kweencwadi

Ulwabiwo lubugcisa belizwi, elinezinto zomsebenzi wobugcisa kunye nokugxekwa kwincwadi. Ngako oko, umgxeka waseRussia, njengalowo nawuphi na, uhlala ehlala yintengiso kunye nomculi. Le nqaku, ebhaliwe ngetalente, iqulethe ukuxuba okunamandla kwemiboniso eyahlukeneyo yokuziphatha kunye nefilosofi yombhali onokubaluleka okunzulu kunye nokuzifihlakeleyo kwisicatshulwa sobugcisa ngokwalo. Incedo elincinane kakhulu linikezelwa ngophando lweqendu elibalulekileyo, ukuba, njengemfundiso ethile, iqonda iziphakamiso zayo eziphambili. Kubalulekile ukuba umfundi abe namava nangengqondo konke okuthethwe ngulo mbhali, ukucacisa ubungakanani bobubungqina beengxabano ezibekwe nguye, ukucinga ngengcamango yengcamango. Ukugxeka kwemisebenzi ayikho into engabonakaliyo.

Ubona umbono wegxeki

Abagxeki ngabantu abonakalisa umbono wabo wobumba bombhali, banikeze ukufunda kwabo okungafaniyo komsebenzi. Eli nqaku lisoloko lenza ukuba uphinde ucinge ngomfanekiso wobugcisa, okanye unokugxekwa kwincwadi. Ezinye iimvavanyo kunye nezigwebo zinokusebenza njengento yokufumana ngokwenene umfundi, kodwa into iya kubonakala ingqubuzana okanye iphosakeleyo. Inomdla ngokukodwa kukuba i-juxtaposition yomsebenzi wombhali othile okanye umsebenzi omnye weembono ezahlukeneyo. Ukugxekwa kwincwadi rhoqo kusinikela ngezinto ezicebileyo zokucinga.

Ubutyebi beRussia Literary Criticism

Ngokomzekelo, sibheke umsebenzi wePushkin Alexander Sergeevich ngamehlo kaVV. Rozanova, A.A. Grigorieva, V.G. UBelinsky no-I.V. UKireevsky, ukuze azi kakuhle indlela abemi beGogol ababezibona ngayo imbongo yakhe iMimoya Efileyo (abagxeki VG Belinsky, SP Shevyrev, KS Aksakov) ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, njengesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 amaqhawe "Intlungu Ukusuka kwengqondo "yaseGriboyedov. Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukuthelekisa imbono yencwadi kaGoncharov uBlomov ngendlela eya gu qulelwa nguD.S. IMerezhkovsky kunye neDI . Pisarev. Umzobo wesibini ukhankanywe ngezantsi.

Amanqaku malunga nobuchule beLN. Tolstoy

Ngokomzekelo, ukugxekwa okubhaliweyo kunikezelwa kumsebenzi wokudala we-L.N. Tolstoy. Ukukwazi ukubonakalisa "ukuhlanzeka kwengqiqo yokuziphatha," "i-dialectic yomphefumlo" yamaqhawe emisebenzi njengento ephawulekayo ye talente kaLevi yeLev Nikolayevich yayingowokuqala ukubonakalisa nokukhetha i-NG. UChernyshevsky kumanqaku akhe. Ukuthetha ngemisebenzi yeN.N. I-Strakhov, ezinikezele "kwiMfazwe noXolo," inokuqinisekiswa ngokufanelekileyo: zimbalwa izinto ezisemthethweni ukugxeka kwincwadi yaseRashiya onokubekwe eceleni kwayo ngokubhekiselele ekungeneni kokubhaliweyo kwombhali, ukugqibelela nokuchaneka kokuqwalaselwa.

Ukugxeka kweRashiya kwikhulu lama-20

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba umphumo weengxabano ezibuhlungu kunye nokutshitshiswa kakubi kweRashiya ukugxeka kwakunomnqweno wakhe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ukuba "ubuyele" inkcubeko yaseRussia eya ePushkin, ekulula kwayo nangokuvisisana. V.V. URozanov, evakalisa ukubaluleka kwalokhu, wabhala ukuba ingqondo ka-Alexander Sergeevich ikhusela umntu kuyo yonke into yobuwula, ubuqaqawuli bakhe - kuyo yonke into engcolileyo.

Phakathi kwee-1920 i-splash entsha yenkcubeko yenzeke. Urhulumente omncinane, emva kokuphela kwemfazwe yombango, ekugqibeleni ufumana ithuba lokubandakanya ngokukodwa kwinkcubeko. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-20 leminyaka, isikolo esisemthethweni sigxeka ukugxeka. Abameli balo abakhulu nguSklovsky, uTynyanov no-Eikhenbaum. Ama-formalists, ukulahla imisebenzi yemveli eyenziwa ukugxeka - intlalo-kwezopolitiko, ukuziphatha, ukuziphatha, ukugxininisa kwimbono yokuzimela kweencwadi ekuphuhliseni uluntu. Ngaloo nto bahamba ngokuchasene neengcamango eziphambili zeMarxism. Ngoko ke, ukugxekwa ngokusemthethweni kwaphela ekupheleni. Kwiminyaka ezayo, ubuhlanga bezentlalo-mbuso bebukhulu. Ukugxeka kuyisisityezelo esilungileyo ezandleni zombuso. Ilawulwa kwaye iqondiswe ngqo ngumbutho. Kuzo zonke iimagazini kunye namaphephancwadi kubonakala ukuba amasebe kunye nemihlathi yokugxeka.

Namhlanje, ngokuqinisekileyo, imeko yatshintshile kakhulu.