NguDmitry Merezhkovsky: biography. Imibongo, Quotes

Merezhkovskiy Dmitriy Sergeevich wazalwa ngo-1866 e-St Petersburg. Uyise waba ligosa kwibhotwe encinane. NguDmitry Merezhkovsky nge-13 waqalisa ukubhala umbongo. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, njengoko yesikolo, wayetyelela noyise wakhe F. M. Dostoevskogo. Umbhali omkhulu wafumana imibongo ababuthathaka, yavelisa amagqabi umbhali wathi ukuze abhale kakuhle, kufuneka ubunzima. Ngelo xesha Merezhkovsky nguDmitry Sergeyevich idibene Nadson. Ekuqaleni, yena waxelisa kuye nemibongo yakhe, saza ngawo kuqala wangena kwimekobume boncwadi.

Inkangeleko yokuqokelela yokuqala yemibongo

Ngowe-1888 wapapasha yokuqokelela yokuqala Merezhkovsky, ebizwa nje - "Imihobe". Imbongi apha umfundi Nadson. Noko ke, njengoko kuqatshelwe yi Vyacheslav Bryusov, nguDmitry Merezhkovsky nangoko nako ukuthatha ngelizwi elizimeleyo, ekuqaleni ukuthetha malunga uvuyo kunye namandla, ngokungafaniyo kwezinye iimbongi, ingqalelo ngokwakhe ngumfundi Nadson, ngubani "yayikhalela" kwi ubuthathaka kunye ingonakaliswanga zabo.

Imfundo kwiiyunivesithi, lwaya positivism ifilosofi

NguDmitry ukususela 1884 wafunda e St. Petersburg neeyunivesithi eMoscow, ezeMbali kunye Philology. Ngeli xesha Merezhkovsky waba nomdla kwintanda-bulumko positivism, waza wenza abahlobo aba baqeshwa, "Northern Herald", njengoko G. Uspensky, Korolenko, V. Garshin, oko baqalisa ukuqonda iingxaki isikhundla populist ejongene noluntu. Amkhanuke oku, nangona kunjalo, yaba yinto yomzuzwana. Omaziyo kunye imibongo ka Vladimir Soloviev kunye European Symbolists watshintsha kakhulu kwimbonakalo wembongi. NguDmitry uyala "izinto eziphathekayo ngokugqithiseleyo," yaye uya yi umfanekiso.

Umtshato ku Z. Gippius

NguDmitry Merezhkovsky, njengoko kuchaziwe yi ababephila, waye eyindoda Phendla kunene, madolw 'anzima ukuvumela kwihlabathi kwabo nabanye abantu. Ebaluleke kakhulu yaba 1889 yona. Kwaba ngoko Merezhkovsky watshata. kutshata nayo - a poetess Zinaida Gippius. Imbongi wahlala naye '52 kwaye zange ashiye ukuba imini. Le union ngokuyilayo yokomoya yomfazi wayo ochazwe kwincwadi engagqitywanga othi "nguDmitry Merezhkovsky". Zinaida waba 'wenkunkuma "kwemibono, kunye nguDmitry ulungiselela baza nabo emsebenzini wakhe.

Uhambo, translation and nokufunda nemifuziselo

Kwi-1880s emva kwexesha kunye 1890s. Bahamba kakhulu kumazwe ahlukeneyo e-Europe. NguDmitry yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini yintlekele yamandulo yamaGrike, kwaye wenza njengoko umhlalutyi, epapashwe nakwiincwadi ezifana "Umsebenzi", "Review Russian", "Northern Herald".

Merezhkovsky ngo-1892, wanikela intetho, esalinikwayo isifundo sokuqala nemifuziselo. Imbongi bathi Impressionism, ulwimi iisimboli "isiqulatho eyimfihlakalo" ukutyisa "enengqondo sobugcisa" iincwadi Russian. wabonakala nje Ukuqokelelwa "Imiqondiso" ngaphambi kokuba intetho. Wayinika igama umkhwa omtsha kwimibongo.

"Imibongo New"

"Imibongo New" - kwafika incwadi wesithathu ngo-1896. Outlook Merezhkovsky yatshintsha ukususela 1899. ekuqaleni kwakhe ukuba nomdla ubuKristu, imiba enxulumene ibandla lamaKatolika. Kwinqaku "Merezhkovsky" G. Adamovich ukhumbula ukuba xa incoko nguDmitry ke noopopayi, kungekudala emva koko ndatshintshela sihloko sinye - ixabiso kunye nentsingiselo yeVangeli.

Iintlanganiso zonqulo-bulumko

umfazi Dmitriya Merezhkovskogo ekwindla ka-1901, ephakamisa ingcamango ukudala umphakathi ezikhethekileyo zabantu bulumko unqulo ukuxoxa inkcubeko kunye nebandla. Ngoko kwakukho indibano zonqulo bulumko, idumileyo kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Isihloko esiphambili yaba ngoluvo yabo kuphela qho yonqulo kunokuphunyezwa ukuvuselelwa Russia. De kwezi ntlanganiso kwenzeka de 1903, ngemvume P. Pobedonostsev, lokusayina le Sinodi. Bathabatha inxaxheba kuzo kwaye nabefundisi. Nangona wamkelwa ubuKristu "ITestamente Third", umnqweno kwi kwisigaba elibalulekileyo lophuhliso kwilizwe lethu ukwenza yenkolo elitsha ukuba bexesha ezicacileyo n'wina.

Sebenza kwi iprozi zembali

NguDmitry Merezhkovsky, ogama engobomi sinomdla kuzo, babesebenza kakhulu kwi iprozi zembali. He qamba, umzekelo, i-trilogy ka "uKristu Kristu", ingcamango esisiseko yazo umzabalazo phakathi imigaqo emibini - umKristu ezingamaqaba, kwaye ubiza ukuba ubuKristu elitsha apho 'izulu emhlabeni' yaye 'umhlaba evela ezulwini. "

Ngo-1896, bekukho umsebenzi "Ukufa Koothixo." - kwinoveli yokuqala trilogy. Inxalenye yesibini lwapapashwa ngo-1901 ( "ooThixo bavusiweyo. ULeonardo da Vinci"). inoveli ebizwa "Umchasi. uPetros Alex," wazalwa ngo-1905.

"Collection yemibongo"

lesine "Collection yemibongo", wakhululwa ngowe-1909. imibongo New abambalwa, ngoko le ncwadi kunokuba i anthology. Nangona kunjalo, ukhetho oluthile imisebenzi eyenziwe Merezhkovsky, wanika ukuqokelelwa mihla kunye entsha. Wawuhlanganisa isebenza kuphela ukuba ukuhlangabezana iimbono ukutshintsha lombhali. Ndizuze intsingiselo yombongo entsha endala.

Merezhkovsky phakathi neembongi owayephila kwathi tu ukubekela bucala. Zihlanjiwe ngaloo ochazwa umsebenzi Wayeba zizonke, lo gama Alexander Blok, Andrei Bely, K. Balmont, ngisho uthinte i "evuthayo 'uluntu, wathetha ngaye ikakhulukazi, malunga isimo sakhe ancamathelayo kuzo. Kwaye nguDmitry nkqu bavume ngokunzulu waveza iimvakalelo jikelele, amathemba nokubandezeleka.

imisebenzi ezintsha

Merezhkovskys ngoMatshi 1906 bafudukela eParis waza wahlala apho de yoo-1908. Ngokuhlanganyelana kunye ne-D. Filosofov kunye Z. Gippius Merezhkovsky ngo-1907 wapapasha incwadi ethi "Le Tsar et la Revolution". Kananjalo uqalise nokusekwa trilogy: "Ubukumkani Beast" ngokusekelwe kwimbali eRussia 18 - nasekuqaleni kweye-19. NguDmitry emva kwenxalenye yokuqala trilogy (ngo-1908) yaye kutshutshiswa. Ngo-1913 kwakukho inxalenye yesibini yona ( "Alexander I"). I inoveli lokugqibela - "14 Disemba" - yapapashwa ngo-1918, ngokuba nguDmitry Merezhkovsky.

"Sick Russia" - incwadi wabonakala ngo-1910. Le nto ndiyibhalayo amanqaku yezembali kunye zonqulo eziye zishicilelwe ngo-1908 no-1909. kwiphephandaba "Speech".

Incwadi i Wolff intsebenziswano esikhutshwe kwisithuba ukususela 1911 ukuya 1913. volume-17 ingqokelela imisebenzi yakhe, kwaye Sytin ngowe-1914 wakhupha i-volume ezine. Kwiilwimi ezininzi Merezhkovski iprozi sele iguqulelwe, kuba ethandwa kakhulu eYurophu. ERashiya, imisebenzi nguDmitry Sergeyevich zaye phantsi ukuhlola engqongqo - umbhali wathetha nxamnye igosa iCawa kunye lobuzwilakhe.

ubudlelwane Bolshevism

Merezhkovskys ngo-1917 zaye sisahlala eRashiya. Imbongi ilizwe olwandulela revolution yabonakala umfanekiso 'ukufika lakwaHam. " Kamva, emva kokuphila iminyaka emibini Soviet Russia, yena kuqinisekiswe uluvo lwakhe lokuba Bolshevism - isifo yokuziphatha, nto leyo njengesiphumo sobunzima ka-European neNkcubeko. Merezhkovskys Kuyathenjwa ukuba lo rhulumente uya kubhukuqwa; kodwa emva kokufunda ntoni ngokoyiswa Denikin emzantsi Kolchak eSiberia, wagqiba kwelokuba ashiye Petrograd.

NguDmitry ekupheleni kuka-1919 waphumelela ilungelo ukufunda izifundo zakhe iindawo Red Army. NgoJanuwari 1920, yena kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, safudukela kwintsimi, leyo ilawulwa Poland. Imbongi emandiyenze e Minsk ukuba naziphi Russian. Merezhkovskys ngoFebruwari wafudukela Warsaw. Apha bamatasa kwimisebenzi kwezopolitiko. Xa Poland asayina isivumelwano soxolo ne-Russia, kunye nenkosikazi yakhe baqiniseka ukuba "ishishini Russian" kweli lizwe esiphelweni, baya eParis. Merezhkovskys wahlala kwigumbi obuphezu kwabo ukususela kumaxesha pre-revolution. Apha ke kusekwa abafowunelwa ubudala yaye kwasekwa abafowunelwa abatsha kunye emigres Russian.

Yokushiywa, isiseko "Green Lamp"

NguDmitry Merezhkovsky wayedla ingqalelo yokushiywa njengoko ezinye uhlobo messianism. Wayethi i "umqhubi" ngokomoya abo amazwe nezazi. Merezhkovskys walungelelanisa wenkolo-bulumko noncwadi ngo-1927 "ekukhanyeni Green". umongameli yawo uMnu ivanov. "Ukukhanya Green" ludlale indima ebalulekileyo kubomi ngokwasengqondweni lencinibakazi lokuqala yokushiywa, yaye wahlanganisa nabameli best ingqondo Russian amazwe. Xa waqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, inkampani iye yayeka intlanganiso (ngo-1939).

Merezhkovskys ngo-1927 waseka i "New Mphathe" - iphephancwadi, yathatha kuphela unyaka. Kwakhona inxaxheba yenkongolo lokuqala ababhali-abavela eRashiya, eyayibanjwe ngoSeptemba 1928 e Belgrade (wahlela urhulumente yesiYugoslav). Merezhkovsky ngo-1931 phakathi contenders ngenxa Nobel Prize, kodwa Ivan Bunin.

Inkxaso uHitler

Merezhkovskys nyanya kumajelo eendaba Russian. Ubutshaba kwakubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngenkxaso yabo Hitler, leyo kwabonakala kubo umbuso eyamkelekileyo ngaphezu Stalin urhulumente. Merezhkovsky-1930 baba nomdla Fascism, nokuba wadibana enye yeenkokeli zayo - uMussolini. Wabona uHitler njenge osindise yobukomanisi Russian, babonwa "isifo yokuziphatha". Emva kokuba iJamani wahlasela waseUSSR, nguDmitry wenza unomathotholo waseJamani. Uthe "Bolshevism kunye Uluntu", apho kuthelekiswa uHitler kunye Joan of Arc. Merezhkovsky wathi inkokeli unako ukusindisa uluntu yosongo embi. Emva kwale ntetho, bonke baye kude ngamaqabane abo.

ukufa Merezhkovski

kwiintsuku ezili-10 phambi kokuba umsebenzi ka Paris yi-amaJamani ngoJuni 1940, Zinaida Gippius kunye nguDmitry Merezhkovsky bafudukela Biarritz kumazantsi eFransi. Disemba 9, 1941 nguDmitry wafa eParis.

Iingqokelela zombongo Merezhkovsky

Sathetha ngokufutshane ngoko ingqokelela yemibongo wadala nguDmitry Merezhkovsky. Ezi ncwadi, Noko ke, zixabisa iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ukuba ayeke. Ngalinye ingqokelela yemibongo uphawu kakhulu-4.

"Imibongo" (1888) - incwadi apho nokuba ukhonza ngumfundi Nadson nguDmitry Merezhkovsky. Iikowuteshini kuyo, ufanelwe ingqalelo ziquka oku kulandelayo:

"Musani ukumdela isihlwele! Baza nomsindo

Uhlekisa ukuba amabala iintsizi zabo kunye neemfuno. "

Oku umgca ukusuka kwenye imibongo ezininzi iimpawu kule ncwadi. Noko ke, ukususela ekuqaleni nguDmitry yakwazi ukuthatha ithowuni elizimeleyo. Njengoko sele sibonile, wathetha ngamandla kunye novuyo. imibongo zakhe ngamatshamba, buciko, kunjalo, yaye zibandakanya nabahlobo Nadson boyika kakhulu ubuciko, nangona oko kusetyenziswa ngendlela ezibiza ngokuba eyahlukileyo kancinane, maxa wambi ngokugqithiseleyo. Merezhkovsky yabuyela mpendulo sonority, kunye nokuqaqamba kuyo ningazikrazuli cwaka, inkungu enemibala emihle, eyayibhijelwa ubomi kuluntu Russian kwi 1880s.

"Uphawu" - le ncwadi yesibini zemibongo, ebhalwe ngo-1892. Oku kuyaphawuleka ukuba nsimbi. Apha sentlekele wamandulo kunye Pushkin, Baudelaire kunye Edgar Allan Poe, Frantsisk Assizsky neRoma yamandulo, isixeko kwezibongo yintlekele yemihla ngemihla. Bonke bazalisa zonke iincwadi, bonke iingqondo kuya kuthatha iminyaka 10-15, kulindeleke kule ngqokelela. "Imiqondiso" - incwadi premonitions. NguDmitry wabona enye ukuhlasela, era oludlamkileyo ngakumbi. Wabanika Titanic isiganeko imbonakalo okwenzeka ngeenxa zonke kuye ( "Yiza, abaprofeti omtsha!").

"Imibongo New" - uqokolelo wesithathu zemibongo, ebhalwe ngo-1896. Nguye ayemxinwa kakhulu ngakumbi na nesenzeko yobomi ngaphezu kowangaphambili, kodwa libukhali kakhulu. Apha ngabandayo "umqondiso" liye laba inkxalabo rhoqo lyricism olunzulu kwimibongo kudlule esemagqabini. Merezhkovsky ingqalelo ngokwakhe i "uphawu" umkhonzi "bamshiya oothixo." Kodwa ngexesha 'Imihobe New "yena ngokwakhe nethe ezi oothixo, wathetha noogxa bakhe kuye:" isibindi yethu intetho .... "

"Collection yemibongo" - wokugqibela, ingqokelela wesine (1909). Kukho ezimbalwa imibongo ezintsha, ngoko ke incwadi, njengoko sele sibonile, kuba kunokuba i anthology. Merezhkovsky nto ukuguqulela ubuKristu. Wavuma zaqina kakhulu blade "isibindi 'engeva nesibingelelo sithixo" inkcubeko yehlabathi ". Noko ke, ubuKristu, wafuna ukufumana intuthuzelo nje kuphela, kodwa isixhobo. Zonke mihobe kule ncwadi igcwele nomnqweno ukholo.