Ziziphi iilwanyana eziqukethe iseli enye? U mzekelo, udidi

Zonke izilwanyana kunye nezityalo esizidibeneyo kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla zizinto ezininzi zezilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, kukho kwakhona i-microcosm, apho izidalwa ezingabonakali zihlala kwamehlo ethu. Ngamanye amaxesha ziqukethe iseli enye. Ngoko ke, banokubonakala kuphela ngaphantsi kwe-microscope. Ziziphi iimpawu ezingabonakaliswa kwizinto eziphilayo ze-unicellular?

Isakhiwo seseli: isicwangciso seseli yeprokaryotic kunye ne-eukaryotic

Izinto eziphilayo kwindalo zingabakho i-unicellular okanye i-multicellular, eukaryotic okanye i-prokaryotic. Iqela ngalinye lizodwa kwizakhiwo, i-physiology, i-biochemistry. Ziziphi iimpawu zeseli yeprokaryotic? Okokuqala, oku kukulula kombutho. Olu hlobo lweeseli alukho inucleus, kwaye ulwazi lofuzo lufumaneka kwi-DNA. Kwaye kule fomu "iyahamba" kwi-cytoplasm. Enye into ephawulekayo kukuba iiseli ezinjalo zilahla nayiphi na i-organelles. Imisebenzi yabo ithatha indawo yeemboniso ze-cytoplasmic membrane, ezibizwa ngokuba ngama-mesosomes. Kwiimeko ezininzi, zinoxanduva lokuphefumula okanye i-photosynthesis.

Kwiiseli zeprokaryotic , iiplati zezinto ziphezulu kunzima, kuba limelelwe ngamanani amaninzi. Eyokuqala kwezi zinto - i-membrane ye-cytoplasm idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthuthweni kwezinto phakathi kweseli kunye nendalo. I-CPM imelwe ngqimba lwe-bilipid apho iiprotheni ezahlukeneyo zinamathele khona. Ukongeza, i-prokaryotic cell ihlanganiswe ngumlenze onomntu okhuselekileyo kunye nodidi olushukumisayo. Uluhlu lwesibini lunqanda ukungena kwezinto ezinobuthi. Ikhusela kwimiphumo yezinto ezinobungozi, nangona le ngqobhoko ineemida zayo.

Uluhlu lokugcina lwesicaciso somhlaba lungasoloko lubakho. Ingqwebo elincinci. Okokuqala, inceda iseli kwinkqubo yokunyakaza, ukunciphisa ukungqubana. Okwesibini, isikhombiso se-mucous siqulethe iimveliso ze-metabolism kunye nokufihla kwala maseli. Ezi zinto zingasetyenziselwa iinjongo zokukhusela okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukuhlasela ixhoba labo. Zonke izilwanyana zeprokaryotic ziquka iseli enye. Ezi ziquka, okokuqala, iibhaktheriya.

Iimpawu zeeukariyoti

Iiseli ze-Eukaryotic ziyahlukahluka kwiinkqubo zabo ezinzima. Zinenani elikhulu leenkomfa kunye nezakhiwo, kwaye ezininzi iinkqubo zezinto eziphilayo zifuna ubukho beentlobo ezihlukahlukeneyo ze-enzyme kunye neendlela. Iyiphi iseli ephilayo ye-eukaryoti? Ngokwakhe isakhiwo, ezi zinto zilandelayo ziyahluka:

• Ingundoqo.
• Organelles kunye ne-cytoplasm.
• Iimbumba kunye ne-cytoskeleton.

I-nucleus yindlela ephakathi kweseli eukaryotic ekugcinwa kuyo ulwazi oluzuze ilifa. Iqukethe i-chromosomes kunye ne-nucleoli. Banoxanduva lokudluliselwa nokusetyenziswa kweenkcukacha zofuzo. Phakathi kwe-organelles, iiseli zodwa:

1. Izakhiwo zombini ze membrane (mitochondria kunye neeplastids).
2. Izakhiwo zeembrane zodwa (i-lysosomes, i- Golgi zixhobo, i- endoplasmic reticulum, i-vacuoles, i-peroxisomes, njl.
3. Izakhiwo ezingenzi-membrane (ribosomes, cytoskeleton).

I-membrane ye-eukaryoti ifana nesakhiwo kwi-prokaryotes. Nangona kunjalo, ikwahlula ngumbutho onzima. Iseli ye-eukaryotic inezinxalenye, ezibizwa ngokuba ngamacandelo. Le nkqubo ye-intlangano yenza lula kakhulu inkqubo yazo zonke iinkqubo ze-biochemical, ekubeni iseli lihlukaniswe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo.

Iiprotisti - eziphilayo ze-eicarlular eukaryotic

Phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, esikuyo nazo, zikhona zingabonakali kangako kwizilwanyana zamehlo. Babizwa ngokuba ngabaprotisti. Benza ubukumkani obuhlukeneyo kwi-systematics. Bonke abaphrofayili banesibini enye, ngoko ubungakanani abugqithisi ama-250 microns. Zahlukaniswe ngamaqela amaninzi, phakathi kwazo ziphikisayo, i-flagellate, kunye ne-infusoria.

Uhlobo lweSarcode

Ezi ziquka i amoeba, equkethe iseli enye. Ezi zidalwa zihlala emanzini omhlaba, amatsha okanye ityuwa. Umzimba wabo awunaso isigxina esingunaphakade, esivumela ukuba benze i-migudu ebizwa ngokuba yimilenze, apho aba profeti babamba ukutya kwabo.

Uhlobo lwe-Flagellate

Abavakalisi bafumana igama labo ngenxa yobukho beflagella ekupheleni komzimba. Ivumela ukuba iiseli zihambe ngokukhawuleza. Oku kwenza ukuba abaphenyi bezona zizingeli. Phakathi kwabo, inani elikhulu leepasisiti zezinto eziphilayo eziphezulu ziphela. Umzimba wezidalwa ezinjalo unesimo esiqhubekayo ngenxa yesibindi se-sweaty cell.

Uhlobo lwe-Infusoria

I-Infusoria iqukethe iseli enye. Nangona kunjalo, bajongwa njengezinto eziphilayo eziphakamileyo phakathi kwezinto ezilula. Kwakukho neengcamango zokubunjwa kwezilwanyana ze-multicellular, ngokokuthi zivela phi kwiingcambu. Ezi zidalwa zinodonga oluninzi lweselula. Zinama-nuclei emibini kwi-cytoplasm: ukuvelisa, okulawula ukuvelisa, kunye ne-vegetative, ejongene neenkqubo ezibalulekileyo. Umzimba wonke weeciliate uhlanganiswe nge-cilia. Imveliso yemveliso isuswa kwi-hole ekhethekileyo-powder.

Iiseli zesintu: iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nempawu zemihlaba

Umzimba wethu usetyenziso lwe-multicellular, apho iiseli zidibaniselana. Bathumela ulwazi usebenzisa izinto ezibonakalisiweyo zokubonisa. Iifomthi zemizimba, izitho kunye neenkqubo, ezahlukileyo komnye nomsebenzi kunye nokuziphatha.

Isithini sabantu senziwa ntoni? Ukuba sicinga iiseli zaso naziphi na izicubu zomzimba, zinezo zonke iimpawu ze-eukaryoti: i-nucleus, organelles, i-cytoskeleton, ubunzima bombutho we-metabolism. Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwabo unokufumana okungafaniyo, okunikezela ngokukhethekileyo kwile nto okanye loo ndoda.

Ngokomzekelo, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi azizinalo iisucleus. Oku kuvumela ukuba babophe i-oxygen engaphezulu okanye i-carbon dioxide. I-ovum inokufikelela kwi-0.12-0.15 cm ububanzi, eyona xabiso elikhulu kakhulu kwiseli ye-eukaryotic. I-neurons zomntu nazo zinempawu zazo. Bakha imida emininzi, phakathi kwayo kukho ama-dendrit short and long axons.