Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky: biography

YamaBolshevik Party ikhokelwa ngabantu abohlukeneyo. Abanye babo zazikwazi brilliant, abanye ayesahluka izakhono ezibalaseleyo lombutho, abanye bemi mihle inkohlakalo isilwanyana. Indawo okhethekileyo iconography party ithatha Dzerzhinskiy Feliks Edmundovich. Iikowuteshini intetho yakhe ngamabinzana alula, baphose yi ekuweleni, ubaqononondise ubumbaxa endalo kunye netalente yokuqala. Kwelinye icala, ukuba kombisa baphaphe engqondweni echazwe imbono yehlabathi Romantic kunye ukuzinzisa wempikiswano nangapha - ke ukuphikisana ngqo iindlela ukusebenza kwawo. Ixesha, Kakade ke, kwakunzima, kodwa ngokunjalo namadoda akhe.

icon kuphikisana

Elichaza Feliksa Dzerzhinskogo ayivathise iindonga ze-ofisi leSoviet kwimibutho yonke into njengelifa Imisebenzi Cheka (OGPU, MGB, iKGB, Ministry of Internal Affairs), kwaye lesikhumbuzo kuye wayemi ekumbindi Lubyanka Square, ngqo malunga nesakhiwo yenkampani joint-stock owayesakuba 'Russian ", ubonelela ukuya iinkonzo inshorensi Revolution. JSC iye yaphela, kodwa uloyiko wahlala ixesha elide, lonke ixesha eSoviet Union. izixhobo zonyanzelo karhulumente kuyimfuneko, ingakumbi ezithandwayo kunye uyazazi. Engunozala kwendalo, ekuqaleni kwale nophuhliso lwengqiqo womatshini, waba Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. Uhlobo ngamazwi le meko (kunokwenzeka ukuba ipatheni) sikuko yokuba awayechithe ubomi bakhe ekuthinjweni entolongweni, ukubandezeleka ngenxa inkcaso babo lisalawula ngexesha kwenkqubo loluntu. Amava ukuzuzwa "Iron Felix" ngaloo minyaka, ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo. Inkqubo yiSoviet yokunganeliseki abathintela sowomeleleyo kakhulu, yomelele nolusebenzayo ngakumbi ukumkani.

Usapho ye-mhlaba kunye esengumntwana wachitha kuyo

September 11, 1877 kwintsapho ootitshala kwizikolo eziziisekondari E. I. Dzerzhinskogo, inkolo yamaKatolika, wazala unyana, ogama Felix. Isimo kwezentlalo usihlalo elizayo uyise Cheka ingadodobaliseka kunokubalelwa abaqeshisi, nangona amancinane, yena babe kwefama Dzerzhinovo.

Le ntsapho esikhulu kodwa uFelikis wakhulela abazalwana noodade (Ignatius, Kazimierz, UStanisław, Jadwiga, elinguAldona, Vladislav kunye uWanda) wayo, kwaye babonakala yokunqongophala kwemali ngabafakwa uviko ohlupheka olinene ukuya kwinkalo yemfundo karhulumente. Xa sele uFelikis umfana, efama kwakukho yintlekele, ngengozi wadubula wabulala intombi ka-Edmund Iosifovicha. Nokuhlanganisa ngubani ngumtyholwa kokufa noWanda, akuzange, abacuphi bagqiba ukuba ngozi yenzeke ngenxa yokungakhathali.

buddy High-school Yuzek Pilsudski impumelelo ezifundweni

Xa ndandineminyaka elishumi, uFelikis wadibana omnye Pole elizayo enkulu, Yuzekom. Izihlobo baye bafunda kunye iminyaka esibhozo, esazi ukuba elinye kubo uya kuba revolution zobungcali, kunye nezinye - a azinikele anti-yobukomanisi. It Jozef Pilsudski abe nako ukubonisa kwi-1920 uhlaselo Red Army, ngasemva eziya umthetho Dzerzhinskiy Feliks Edmundovich. Ubuzwe ye yamaBolshevik ngoku nto kubaluleke kangaka, ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwaye ilizwe lakho ekhaya, ungenza ukuhlasela.

iitalente ezizodwa kwizikolo UFeliks akazange abonise. Kwiklasi yokuqala, wafunda iminyaka emibini. Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo naso kugqalwa yaphela isiqinisekiso engenakwenzeka wafumana isatifikethi kuphela, esichaza ukuba i "ezilungileyo" (kodwa hayi "ezigqwesileyo"), wanikwa umyalelo kaThixo, kodwa isiLatin, isiFrentshi, physics, geometry, algebra, yaye imbali impumelelo yayo ezihloliweyo kwi okuqinileyo "ezintathu". Kwaye izinto kakhulu ezimbi ubukunye iilwimi isiGrike kunye Russian. Kwaye konke oku kwindawo ngenyameko eyanelisayo, ukuziphatha kunye nengqalelo.

Ukuqala Idabi

Ngoko ke, kwafika umfana ngaphandle kweendonga yokuzilolonga. Wonke umntu: ootitshala nabafundi nabo, kwaye kuye kwacaca ukuba akukho utyekelo ezizodwa iitalente, akazi ilifa. belifa njengoko kulindeleke zange ukuba. Kwaye ngoko ke mfana waba nomdla Marxism (ukuba le mbono kubanjwa rhoqo iingqondo eneenkani). Wacela kwi phantsi komhlaba kunye isangqa of Dzerzhinskiy Feliks Edmundovich. igama Real, kubonakala ukuba kwabonakala kuye kakhulu, kwaye romantic Polish ngokwaneleyo, yaye wathabatha ngeenkwenkwezi yakhe isiqhulo. Kutheni oku, ukuba imbali le cwaka. Ndiqhuba ze phakathi abafundi abafunde kakubi kunye abakuqeqesho (le ngokwaneleyo imfundo), ngeenkwenkwezi wenza impazamo, nto leyo ikhokelele kwenye kuzo abasebenzi ezisezantsi abanezakhono ezikhuthazwa wabhala ingxelo emapoliseni kokuqulethweyo okubalulekileyo - kunye Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky ziwela Kovno entolongweni (1897 ). Emva konyaka kokukhululwa kwakhe ndagxothwa kwiphondo Nolinsk Vyatka phantsi esweni seminyaka emithathu-amapolisa, kodwa ke, esebenza icuba mveliso calico-umshicileli, akazange amlahle ingcamango olululo. Ikhonkco kwakhona, ngoko kusinda.

Ubomi ngokupheleleyo romance: khomiwile, abathinjwa kunye Ababalekileyo

Vilnius, Lithuania, Poland - ezi iindawo kwimephu, apho ekujikeni kwenkulungwane wenza Dzerzhinskiy Feliks Edmundovich. Ibali lobomi bakhe ligcwele iziqephu wokubopha ukholo. Warsaw, akamsalisela (1900), Siedlce Central (1901), Viluiskaya sendleleni entolongweni (1902), Alexander unxibelelwano kunye sibalekele onawo Verkholensk iphenyane. Ke yokushiywa, ngelo xesha le-Social Democratic Poland kunye Lithuania nkomfa iqala career iqela. Ngoku - unobhala sekomiti langaphandle.

Wokubopha ukukhululwa bonke babe ezinomdla kakhulu

Xa imfazwe eJapan, wenza konke sotsdeki Polish-Lithuanian (SDKPiL) ukuba nzima imeko yezoqoqosho yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Imiboniso, udlame, ugwayimbo, nkqu ngabom ngenkuthalo wabasukela iphiko silwe yepati, apho iinkokheli zayo kwakhona entolongweni. Sinako uzibuze kuphela izivakalisi othambe yasebukhosini. Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky ngo-1905, waphoswa entolongweni. Kwaba ngoJulayi, yaye ngo-Oktobha sele ukuba baxolelwe. Disemba 1906, wabanjwa Warsaw kunye nenkundla, yaye ngoJuni ukhululwe ngebheyile. Ngowe-1909, esi sivakalisi - ekuthinjweni ubomi obude eSiberia, iye apho yokuphuma ukuba ayinzima, kungekhona nje naphi na, kodwa ngqo Maksimu Gorkomu e Capri. Ngaba nabani ngoku ezinjalo ungaphinda?

ngaphambi kokuba revolution

Ngowe-1910, unobhala iqela ngobomi (kunye part-time unondyebo) yaba isiganeko esibalulekileyo - watshata. ukhetho yakhe Nozipho Mushkat, sizana. Amanqaku idayari yakhe eli xesha kukho imigca ngothando, nto leyo enika amandla okunyamezela bonke ubunzima. Ngaphambili kubonakala kuphela ukulwa intsingiselo yobomi Dzerzhinskiy Feliks Edmundovich. biography emfutshane ngayo iqulethe ulwazi kule minyaka 1910-1911, wayezixhasa indawo uLenin kaThixo, bekuchasa Plekhanov ngeendlela zakhe zomthetho. Ngowe-1912, wabanjwa kwakhona, eli xesha lo mvukeli nzima-core nembacu wasebenzisa ingcinezelo ngempumelelo ngakumbi - kwiminyaka emithathu yokuqala yomsebenzi onzima (Oryol kwiNtolongo), ngoko ezintandathu ngaphezulu kwi Butyrka, apho akwazi ukuba wahlala ekunene ukuya ku-1922, ukuba i-February revolution.

mbuso Jacobin yesigaba

Emva yokudibanisa ne SDKPiL RSDRP (b) ngoko nangoko Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky watshintshela kumsebenzi iqela esebenzayo. Ngeli xesha, le mfundiso musa khona, kuphela kwindawo egqitywe, kwaye kukho mbandela obaluleke kangaka njengoko self-determination iintlanga kuthelekiswa kuNobhala Leninist Kakade, kodwa umzuzwana. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba na ilizwi, kwaye kunjalo, umzekelo, umbutho we-revolution bexhobile, ukuyilwa yokulwa leeyunithi ze-Red Guard kunye nokuhlutha wonxibelelwano kwamiliselwa iiprojekthi 25 Oktobha. Dzerzhinsky waba Narkomvoenmor uninzi kwehlobo ka-1917 phambi kwesi sithuba wathabatha L. D. noTrotsky. ULenin wambiza kuye Jacobin, yaye ke umninimzi. Itheko ngokukhawuleza kufuneka umntu oya kuba nako ukuyila kwaye ikhokelele umzimba okhethekileyo, ukohlwaya kunye lungenalusini, yaye eli tyala wabelwa "intsimbi" UFeliks.

Bawelwa kunye nentwana Trotskyism

NgoDisemba 1917 kwakukho isoyikiso nabasebenzi bakarhulumente ugwayimbo lonke. CPC wasabela indalo yakhe Zonke-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Ukunqanda ngabom. Yiloo nto waza wakhokelela Dzerzhinsky (ngo-1922 ukuba uqambe OGPU) de kwasekufeni kwakhe. HC inxaxheba kwabantu abaninzi, kunye nentloko yayo yaba kaninzi umqalisi ezabelo kwi yipesenti yenani kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwanokupheliswa okupheleleyo ngabameli "iiklasi olwaye lwamfimfitha." Kuphela emva kokuba sele uyekile ekwenzeni umsebenzi wabo, ukuba ukurhoxa. Kwathi emva kokubulawa Mirbach, unozakuzaku waseJamani, ugqibelele ukuba ukuphazamisa ngoxolo (okunene ukuthula) kwezingxoxo Brest. Kweli nqanaba, Dzerzhinsky wathabatha Trotskyist indawo kwi kamva ngokuphindaphindiweyo baguquka. Xa ezinye "intsimbi" Feliks Sovnarkom walungiselela: wokucoca zaveliswa, wathabatha nabafo abazizibambiso, waqhama kubo. Kulungile kwiphupha lakhe, akakubonanga.

Bantwana, ezemidlalo, ingcinezelo, umzabalazo kunye nokufa engaphakathi wesithathu

Imfazwe Civil uphelile, kwaye iziphumo egoqweni mthetho fratricidal wavula ngeenxa bankwantya. Industry uphangiwe, yonke walawula ebhubhise ilizwe lakhukuliswa abantwana ezitratweni. abasindileyo kwezigidi ezihlanu abantwana ngasekhohlo ngaphandle kwabazali, kunye kwafa kunzima ukufumana namhlanje. Felix Dzerzhinsky kuqalise inkqubo ebalulekileyo karhulumente ngokulinywa nexhoba kwi isizukulwana emfazweni, nguwuphi ukondla kuphela, umambese izicathulo, kodwa hlakulela umoya umyalelo omtsha yoluntu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kuyo yonke iRussia wadala leenkedama kunye neziko evalelwe abantwana ngayo Thethani. Le projekthi ekunokuthiwa enye impumelelo enkulu kakhulu kwimbali eSoviet.

Bambalwa abantu namhlanje khumbula ukuba Dzerzhinskiy Feliks Edmundovich, ifoto apho (ingakumbi kamva) lucebisa ngesigulo wakhe, waba ngomnye vulindlela kwezemidlalo ngobuninzi kwi-USSR. Ngaphezu koko, uluntu "ugesi" ingabizwa ngumqondo yakhe.

Ukukhumbula kwangaphambili wakhe, ukwahluka isinyibiliko ukutenxa kumgca bepati, Dzerzhinsky ngokufuthi uxolo kwiBolsheviks, ukuvumela iziphako ezifanayo eceleni. Mhlawumbi, ukuba ubethe wadla ubomi elide, uza kwabelana bayahlelwa ezininzi amalungu Central Committee Leninist amisiweyo, aze yena ndiwukhumbule zonke "Trotskyism 'yakhe kunye nabanye' rykizmy-pyatakizmy-kamenizmy" ngo-1937 okanye 1938. Ngandlel 'ithile, yena waba nethamsanqa, ubuncinane ngengqiqo le zembali. Ngexesha plenum iqela ngo-1926 aveza njalo ngokweemvakalelo kunye noogxa babo kunye nabahlobo, kunye Kamenev, Pyatakov, intliziyo yakhe wanikela yamaBolshevik, ngokuhlwa uQabane Dzerzhinsky wafa.

Waba icon eSoviet, uphawu wokomelela, igama lakhe kwathiwa mveliso, izikolo, iimbambaniso, umphunga kunye nesixeko ...