Yiyiphi imisebenzi kweziphawuli? Uluhlu imizekelo nokusetyenziswa kwesigama

Izahlulo Yokuthetha - mechanism kakuhle nelungelelanisiweyo apho kungekho into eyolukileyo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ngolwimi ngalunye, le ndlela sizilungise ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Inyaniso yokuba ngolwimi omnye luboniswe amagama amabini okanye amathathu, kwelinye kuya kufuna ngolwakhiwo isindululo kunokuba ezintsonkothileyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukufunda iilwimi zasemzini asiqondi igrama ngendlela slipshod, kwaye uzame ukuqonda ulawulo nganye - enyanisweni namnye kwayo akukho nto kwaye akukho ntsingiselo.

Isiphawulo yenye iindawo ezingundoqo zentetho, ukunika abantu ithuba lokuba achaze ngokucacileyo ihlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, iye kujonge izinto zalo ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Esi sakhiwo kunye nendawo kwisivakalisi, kunye nolungelelaniso kunye namanye izigaba zentetho, yaye ke, imisebenzi leyo ababelwe ukuba isichazi. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga uze uthelekise umsebenzi kule nxalenye yale ntetho ngeelwimi eziliqela zaseYurophu.

iipropati Common

Ngoko ke, yintoni iinkalo ezinezichazi? Uluhlu mkhulu ngokwaneleyo.

Kuqala kwinto zonke, into sokuphamazisa isichazi ubonisa uphawu. Oku kuthetha ukuba lo mhlaba uchazwe ngabaphilayo rhoqo okanye into engaphiliyo (umhlobo onyanisekileyo, ikhaya nice). Iimpawu Non-zenkqubo nazo nezaziwa izihlomelo, kodwa ke ezi mpawu sele kwisifundo, kwaye kwisenzo (ukubaleka nkqi, ipeyinti elihle).

Ukuba isiphawulo elidityaniswe ngqo kwesibizo, kufuneka bakwazi ukuziqhelanisa yakhe "Umphathi." iilwimi ezahlukeneyo iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezibizo: inani, isini, ityala, declension. Zonke ezi ndidi ukuba basebenzise izichazi - uludwe lwamacandelo kubo ukhangela ncam.

ubudlelwane

Kwakhona Izichazi amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ngokusondeleyo kunye nezinye izigaba zentetho, ezendeleyo omnye komnye nokwenza ngakumbi. Esiwisile eziwafaka kunye izimelabizo kunye namanani. Apho kudibana kwezi izigaba zentetho ngexesha lakhe, yaye naziphi na amanani olandelelwano, ekuphenduleni lo mbuzo, "nto leyo ityala?", Njengokuba kwakunye isimelabizo isalamane nezibuzayo "apho" yaye "ukuba." Kufuneka kwakhona kuqaqambisa isiphumo wokuchaza into ngokusebenzisa umthendeleko, leyo wazala izenzi nezichazi. Uluhlu kwezi fom likhulu kakhulu (umkhumbi, Ulala Tiger). Yobudlelane kwakhona lungqinelane into aze anikezele umqondiso yeNkqubo.

inguqu isiphawulo

Secondary isiphawulo indalo igxininisa isiko nokubunjwa kwayo. Amaninzi oko wabumba izibizo, egxininisa ezithile iipropati isitshixo okanye iimpawu. Umzekelo, rasberries wasinika umbala obomvu, kunye nange - iqinelwa emboxo. Izichazi zibonisa into yomnye umntu - lo mzekelo iphawulekayo zo xhulumaniso phakathi le nxalenye yentetho kunye izibizo. nezimo enjalo ulwimi ezahlukeneyo Russian, apho izichazi bunini akhiwa rhoqo: le ncwadi mkhulu - incwadi uyisemkhulu.

In IsiNgesi kunye neefom waseJamani ezingekhoyo. Kwincwadi IsiNgesi grandad lelakhe incwadi uTatomkhulu ibonisa bunini lesibizo grandad. IsiJamani kukho phantse twatse kwifom lula, esetyenziswa kunye amagama: UAnas Auto. Noko ke, amaxesha amaninzi indima luhlobo eyodwa genitive: das Buch des Grossvaters, ngoxa kwindawo yokuqala yintloko, hayi umnini wayo.

IsiNgesi yaziwa ukuguqulwa - yenguqu epheleleyo enye inxalenye yokuthetha kwenye ngaphandle ukuba intshintsho zibonakale. ukuguquka ezichaphazelekayo nezichazi - manzi (manzi) inokuba sisibizo elithetha "ezimanzi" ngaphandle kobunzima. A slim kwi "slim 'intsingiselo kwimeko ethile iya kuba isenzi" stroynet ".

IsiJamani, zinendlela efanayo kwenza isichazi ibe i isibizo abstract. Schwarz ngengqiqo of "emnyama" xa udibanisa nqaku lithi libe intsingiselo 'ebumnyameni. " Kukho nako ukuguqula xa ngokubiza izidalwa eziphilayo komba ebizwa aveze isiphawulo, der Irre - «Uyageza», der Tauba - «izithulu». Ukongeza inqaku ukuya isichazi usebenza French: Le Ciel est Bleu (isichazi); Le Bleu (noun) du Ciel. Bleu umsebenzi syntactic endaweni yayo kwisivakalisi, kwaye kananjalo phambi nqaku unika isizathu sokukholelwa le Bleu njengesibizo. Ngaloo noun le Bleu, ngaphandle kokuba ixabiso engundoqo (nokonyulwa umbala - blue, oluhlaza), kwaye enye, umzekelo: impahla ekhuselayo, ihempe oluhlaza, abasaqalayo, umvumbo oluhlaza.

izichazi okuboleka

Kukho iindidi eziliqela ukuboleka amazwe zezichazi, ngokuxhomekeke amaqondo lithathelwe zenene host ulwimi. Kulo mba, kukho ezininzi yezi ntlobo:

• Gqibezela ukope - eli gama akayi naluphi na utshintsho, isixokelelwano akuthethi kukuthatha ulwimi declination. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi ziquka amagama ezithile ukuze balungele isimbo (electronic, yokuhlobisa), kwakunye abangasekhoyo umbala othambe (Marsala, indigo).
• Izimamva - iqela lesixa izichazi ezininzi ebolekiweyo. An into umdla kukuba uthathe nje kunoogxa umkhosi ulwimi lwasemzini nezimamva kweziphawuli. Uzibhala enkulu ngokwaneleyo. izimamva French -aire, -ique kwaye -Ukuba ilungiswe eya kuthi yongezwe kwi -s nesimamva yendalo -ar-. Kwakhona ethandwayo isimamva -ichesky: legendaire - edume; diplomatique - ozakuzo. Greek isimamva -IR ngolwimi Russian uba -ary, -ichesky: anempilo, photogenic nokobuqhawe kuko.

izichazi Great nenamandla

Uluhlu izichazi ngolwimi Russian sibamba eliphezulu kakhulu ilizwi-ukuyilwa amandla yale nxalenye yokuthetha.

Umsebenzi izichazi kwisivakalisi - okanye definition (Ufunda incwadi elungileyo), okanye inxalenye njengesivisa compound wesiqhelo (ngoku a ezingenamandla kakhulu). Kwimeko yokuqala, isichazi ibekwe phambi lesibizo, wesibini - emva.

Umsebenzi kunye negama-ukuyilwa enokwenzeka lungahlulwa zonke izichazi. Uluhlu iqulathe imiba emithathu:

1. Umgangatho - kuba luphawu ngqo ukuze obungqingqwa yi izivamvo (ebomvu, elikhulu, enetyuwa). izichazi ezinjalo ziyahluka xa yokuthelekisa (umsindo - i zingxola), kwaye kufuneka ifomu emfutshane (amanqam, esibi). Ukuba kukho imfuneko ukuphucula ixabiso le isichazi kungaba waphinda: blue, siluhlaza. Ukususela izichazi ezisemgangathweni ukwenza nezihlomelo kunye nezibizo abstract: ezintle - ezintle - ubuhle.
2. Relative - ndibopha into echazwe nenye into okanye umba (aluminiyam - eyenziwe aluminium, yokuthunga - ilungiselelwe zokuthunga). Abanawo yokuthelekisa, nokuba ifomu emfutshane, kwaye azinako ukuba nezihlomelo.
3. Bunini - zibonisa ukubayinxenye kuwo nabani na (ngumntu okanye isilwanyana) - tatomkhulu icuba, ikhaba emqhokrweni wengxondorha.

Ngamanye amaxesha inguqu ukusuka kudidi Isichazi isihlobo umgangatho. Kulo mzekelo, ukutshintsha sentlalo: foxtail - iingcuka ngoncumo (elithetha: wobuqili, bobuxoki).

Luphawu ebalulekileyo kukuba nako izichazi Russian ukwala - ukutshintsha uhlobo, inombolo kunye ityala ngokutsho kwesibizo yolawulo (indlu yezitena - udonga ngezitena - iikholam yezitena).

ulwimi kaShakespeare

Kukho ezinye iimpawu, ngokungafaniyo Russian, musa ukuba izichazi IsiNgesi. Dwelisa kubo encinane, kodwa wanele.

Ngokungafaniyo, izichazi IsiNgesi Russian lecebo ngokupheleleyo. fox Red, iintyatyambo ebomvu, udonga ebomvu - zonke ezi amabinzana elithi "red" Okuseleyo njengoko na, nokuba inombolo kunye nohlobo yesibizo.

izichazi ezibekekileyo qualitative nesihlobo ngolwimi IsiNgesi. Uluhlu lweempawu phantse ngokufanayo e Russian, ngaphandle inye - izichazi IsiNgesi abanayo ifomu emfutshane.

Njengoko asilogama angaya ibe isibizo abstract (eyimfihlakalo - into twisiseka). Abagulayo (isigulane) ongena abagulayo (izigulane, izigulane) ukongeza nqaku. Njengoko in Russian, isichazi IsiNgesi njengoko ingcaciso iya kwandulela sisibizo (indlu engenanto), kwakunye njengesivisa - umqukumbelo (Indlu akananto).

Izizathu yokungabikho izichazi bunini kuxoxiwe ngawo ngaphambili.

Goethe Language

kakhulu efanayo IsiNgesi kunye German izichazi - uluhlu lweempawu liphantse lifane. Noko ke, kukho umahluko mnye ezinkulu, edibanisa izichazi isiJamani yaseRussia, - ukukwazi ukwayama. Ein billiger Haus - «indlu cheap" kwi isininzi iba billige Häuser. Isiphelo utshintsho isini, inombolo kunye kwimeko isichazi (guten Kindes - usana elungileyo, gutem Uhlobo - kid elungileyo, guten Kind - umntwana elungileyo).

Ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni sithetha malunga izinto ezithile okanye random, izichazi ezo ziyadlula ezibuthathaka (der gute Vater - oku onguyise olungileyo), eyomeleleyo (guter Vater - ubawo olungileyo) okanye zixutywe (ein guter Vater - ezinye ubawo olungileyo) ukuchwetheza.

Ulwimi uthando

A Zininzi izinto ofana ngazo isiJamane, isiFrentshi izichazi ezi - uluhlu lokufanayo kwanele. Ziyashiyana ngokwesini (Il est joli - ukuba wayemhle, elle Est jolie - kudala entle) kunye neenombolo (Le livre intéressant - ncwadi umdla, intéressants les livres - iincwadi umdla), kunjalo declension musa ukuba. Kwakhona ingohluka ngokuxhomekeke iqondo uthelekiso (Grand - Plus grand - Le plus grand).

Into emnandi French izichazi - ukukwazi ukutshintsha ixabiso, ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni, ngaphambi okanye emva kwesibizo na. Un homme nesibindi - iqhawe, ngoxa homme onesibindi un - indoda elungileyo.

bazilandela Language

Uluhlu nezichazi Finnish likhulu kakhulu kwaye inzima. Njengoko e Russian, izichazi bayavumelana lesibizo inombolo kunye kwimeko (kunye bonke bephela e Finland-14 ukuya 16).

Ezinye izichazi musa ukutshintsha amatyala:

noEri - ezahlukeneyo;

viime - lokugqibela;

ensi - olandelayo;

Koko - a.

Isichazi nako ukuma phambi magama alichaze: kaunis talo - indlu entle; kwaye emva kokuba - Talo on kaunis. - Nice indlu. Kukho kwakhona yokuthelekisa (iloinen - echwayithileyo; iloisempi - kumnandi ngakumbi, kumnandi ngakumbi; iloisin - yeyona kumnandi, fun).

Iimfano neeyantlukwano

Ngoko, ngazo zonke iilwimi izichazi enze umsebenzi yokumisela umgangatho into. Ulungelelaniso kunye kwisifundo ngolwimi ezahlukeneyo uneempawu zawo. Uluhlu izichazi ngeelwimi Finnish kwaye Russian kuya kuba zombini imisebenzi ngokubanzi kwaye zahluke. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kwezinye iilwimi, nangona kufutshane isigama kunye negrama.