Athens: sendawo, ingakumbi imbali yophuhliso

Isixeko samandulo kwisiza aseAthene mihla intsukaphi BC ngenkulungwane XV. Uye wabonakala ngenxa yokudibanisa uluntu ezininzi abahlala zaseAttica. Lo mmandla lebhokisi kwiiBalkans kunye iPeloponnese lizwe. Yayiliziko of Greece.

Athens yamandulo

ukumkani semi-edume Theseus, owayehlala ngeenxa zonke XIII ngenkulungwane BC, iinguqu kuluntu Athene. Apha, oko baziindidi eziliqela, kuquka demiurge, kunye eupatrides geomori. Owokugqibela kubo izinhanha, enalo iziza ezinkulu zomhlaba. Ngenxa yoku, ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkoliso yabantu simahla sesixeko exhomekeke kule benani. Ngoko ke ebukhobokeni eAthene.

Xa umzi, ukongeza simahla kunye namakhoboka, metics waba iklasi. Abekho ngamakhoboka, kodwa kwangaxeshanye akanawo amalungelo ebinazo basebukhosini. Athens zilawulwa yiBhodi of archons ezisithoba, anyuliweyo ndakukhupha abemi achumileyo kwaye kakhulu nempembelelo.

zokulungisa Solon kaThixo

Athens yamandulo, kwizikhundla geographical ngayo Akwalinganiselwa kakhulu, lakhula ngokukhawuleza zizityebi kwisiqalo kubamelwane babo. Oku kwakhokelela ekwandeni umsantsa ophakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu. Imeko ebizwa utshintsho. Bathi yaqalwa e ekuqaleni BC ngenkulungwane VI, Solon waba archon.

U fanele ku intsapho nempembelelo. Kunjalo, wakwazi phambili kwi ngeendleko iitalente zabo. Ekuqaleni kwaziwa njenge yimbongi. Xa ebudaleni, waba mkhosi waza wakhokelela igorha eziliqela ngempumelelo ngabamelwane yayo, kuqukwa Megara.

Ngo-594 BC. e. waba archon. Ngenxa yokuba imo yonxunguphalo amagunya Solon ebanzi banikwe. Ngenxa yoko yabamba iqela iinguqulelo. intengiso kunye nokuthengwa abantu ebukhobokeni amatyala abo zemali kubaboleki uye wavalwa. Enesisombululo kwimiyolelo zivelile amahlumelo propati yabucala kunye ezamahala udidi olutsha embindini. Ukuba wonke ummi ukuhlawula imali elifanelekileyo irhafu, bonke abantu IAthene izigaba ezine ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lengeniso. Zonke ezi nguqu baye bakhonza njengesiseko isixeko ngokukhawuleza yaba liziko yezopolitiko enkulu kulo lonke Greece yamandulo.

The Golden Age of Pericles

Omnye umntu owenze lukhulu ngenxa yobuninzi Athens Pericles. Waqalisa ukulawula ngo-461 BC. e. Xa wawumisa inkqubo yedemokhrasi. State of Athens waba ngowokuqala ehlabathini ukuba lisebenzise le fom karhulumente. Ukususela ngoko, bonke abemi ezamahala wanikwa ilungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko ukuba uvotele ezo nkokeli ukuba ngakumbi abangayithandiyo.

Athens phantsi uphuhliso Pericles lalonyukile. Esi sixeko iziko inkcubeko yamandulo. Apha mbali uHerodotus waphila, iingcali zefilosofi, abakroli kunye ziimbongi. Isixeko ithe uhlengahlengiso olukhulu. Kwakukho Acropolis magingxigingxi yaye itempile iParthenon - obukhulu izakhiwo yamandulo. Phakathi abahlali ukuba ipesenti ephezulu ukufunda nokubhala kwaye bakwazi ukufunda. Ukususela ngelo xesha, ulwimi yamaGrike baba ebhudla kwiMeditera. Kwanasemva kokuba kokuwa polis yamandulo ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwinzululwazi, ngoko kwabakho isixa esikhulu-magama zalamaxesha ezahlukeneyo lwamacandelo. Izithethi kunye neengxoxo zikawonke ubuciko olwenziwa singqongwe luluntu kakhulu zinaso.

Athens, indawo okuyo ekuvumela ukuba kwakhiwe iinqanawa ngeli xesha yaba liziko urhwebo lwaselwandle ulawulo. Ngenxa yoko i uhambo olude baya bamazwe kunye kubahloli azinza kunxweme eItali, North Afrika kunye noLwandle Black.

Umbango ne Sparta

Kulo nyaka 431 BC. e. Athens amandulo inxaxheba impi ummelwane wayo kumzantsi - Sparta. Pericles wayesaphila, yaye nguye wakhokela isigaba sokuqala ngempumelelo imbambano. Ngesiquphe, Noko ke, esi sixeko yaqalisa ezibulalayo, yabulala yena ngukumkani odumileyo.

Kamva wabiza War Peloponnesian historiography. Greek Athens wema intloko Delian League, nabo abo Samos, Chios and Lesvos. Sparta iminyaka emininzi bazama umngeni le mizi. It yahluke kakhulu kuleyo Athens lwentando yesininzi. Apha intloko urhulumente wema kwiklasi emkhosini, nabo bonke abantu abahlala kwiimeko enqabeni yomkhosi. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba imiyalelo esikhohlakeleyo mgaqo-nkqubo, umzekelo, eli siko lokuphosa iintsana abagulayo sempilweni esiphelweni. Ngoko ke imfazwe kungekuphela phakathi kwamaziko amabini ezopolitiko, kodwa iinkqubo ezimbini wentlangano lwentlalo.

Ixesha lokuqala ungquzulwano lwezigalo luphawulwa ezininzi behlasela yiSparta ku zaseAttica, lo gama eAthene wazama ukuba uwine ngoncedo Navy kunye noludumileyo yomkhosi. Kwisiqingatha sesibini imfazwe, yonke into ibheke ezantsi. Sparta wafumana inkxaso yamaPersi basemzini kwakha izithuthi. Nayo yonke namahlakani baseAthene boyiswa ekuqaleni. Ngo-404 BC. e. yaye umgaqo-nkqubo enkulu uyekelwe boyisiwe, kunye isiphumo ukuba limiswa nguzwilakhe-zeminyaka emininzi. Ke eAthene and Sparta zaye buthathaka. Ngenxa yoko, ekuhambeni kwexesha, eGrisi wafudukela phambili saseNo. Nangona kunjalo, waqhubeka eli xesha elide.

Capture baseMakedoni

Le IV BC. e. okunyusa ubukumkani Macedonian, edulusele ukuya emantla eGrisi. nomlawuli walo Philip II wagqiba ukoyisa abamelwane esemazantsi, ngubani iminyaka emininzi Sizibandakanye yeemfazwe zembujiswano kunye. Athene simanyene abemi uAmoni, ndidibana utshaba Chaeronea ngo-338 BC. e. AmaGrike ahlulwa.

Emva koko Athens kunye Sparta ibe yinxalenye ubukhosi Macedonian. Unyana kaFilipu - umphathi omkhulu Alexander - kungekudala kwakhokelela inani elikhulu kwanamaGrike ukuya ngasempuma ukuze soyise kumazwe akude. Ekugqibeleni Waziqhekeza namaPersi, kangangethuba elide isoyikiso policyholders. Urhulumente entsha, usenokuquka Asia Minor, eMesopotamiya, Egypt kunye kumda ne-Indiya, ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Noko ke, amashumi eminyaka, onke la amaphondo athatha inkcubeko lamaGrike, apho amaziko ziye imigaqo baseAtene Sparta. Ulwimi Greek iye interethnic.

In eAthene ngokwayo ngeli xesha kwakukho omnye ubomi yenkcubeko ikhula. Kuye kwavulwa yi-Academy of Plato kunye Lyceum Aristotle kaThixo.

iphondo laseRoma

Ngo-146 BC. e. Athens saqhotyoshelwa yamaRoma Republic, nto leyo kamva waba umbuso. Ukususela ngoko, lo mzi waba yephondo. Noko ke, amaRoma bamkela kakhulu inkcubeko yamaGrike. Yaba osemqoka zabo - zange watshabalalisa izithethe zendawo, ulwimi, njl Kunoko, amaRoma wathabatha ilungileyo ezizweni ezoyiswa ngokuzibandakanya ngokomda yayo sigqithisele ngokusebenzisa ngoxolo ...

Athens Le ukwehla kwenzeka kwi BC ngenkulungwane III. e., xa iphondo Balkan waba lixhoba ukuba ukuhlasela abantu bakhona. Uninzi amangcwaba oshiywe yamandulo inkcubeko kunye batshatyalaliswa ngokuhamba kwexesha. Olympic Games, nto leyo isiganeko esibalulekileyo kwaye rhoqo kubomi yamaGrike basekuhlaleni irhoxisiwe.

yinxalenye yoBukhosi baseByzantium

Nge lokubola Empire iinxalenye ezimbini eAthene, ogama indawo ingqinelana isiqingatha osempuma, babe yinxalenye baseByzantium. Oko ngeli xesha, abantu bendawo baqala ukwamkela ubuKristu, ingakumbi emva kokuba myalelo Konstantina Velikogo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni yokuduka ezingqondweni omdala ubunzima yoothixo yamandulo. Lo mlawuli yaseByzantium akazange ngokukodwa eAthene, ibe ngokucwangcisiweyo ukubatshabalalisa iisimboli ze lama edlulileyo. Ngoko kwinkulungwane VI Justinian kwavalwa izikolo-bulumko, apho ingqalelo yayiliziko ubuhedeni nokunyelisa.

Athens waba idolophu wephondo, lo gama ulwimi yamaGrike yaba ulwimi olusemthethweni ubukhosi, inkunzi ogama eConstantinople. Kufutshane kwiziko yezopolitiko ukuba esi sixeko ukuze sisinde cwaka kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela. Kwinkulungwane XIII uBukhosi baseByzantium yaphela ixesha elifutshane emva eConstantinople yoyiswa Crusaders. AmaKatolika esekwe Greece a States ezimbalwa. Athens waba nendawo ethile duchy encinane, nto leyo yayilawulwa isiFrentshi kunye Italy.

Isixeko Turkish

Ngowe-1458 isixeko yathinjwa amaTurk Muslim. Yena ngokusisigxina aba yinxalenye Ottoman. Amaxesha aliqela Athens waba lixhoba kuhlaselo le yelo Republic, eyayise imfazwe kunye eTurkey ngenxa ubukhulu kwi kwiMeditera. Ngenkulungwane XVII, ebudeni omnye ndlela imbi satshatyalaliswa iParthenon yamandulo.

Le nhloko of Greece

Nangona amandla baseTurkey, uhlanga lesiGrike siyakhuselwa, nangona, Kakade ke, kwafuneka ingako yokwenza amaGrike amandulo. Esi sizwe ecaweni yayo ayencokola - unqulo lwamaKristu sihleli apha ukususela kwimihla yoBukhosi baseByzantium. Kwinkulungwane XIX kwisiqalo kwentlekele ubukhosi yamaGrike baqalisa imvuselelo yesizwe. Le ukuvukela, leyo kuye kwaxhaswa kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu zamaKristu. Ngo-1833, bekukho ubukumkani elizimeleyo isiGrike, apho eAthene yaba likomkhulu.

Emva kokuba inkululeko kwingcinezelo Turkish apha zenzeka umsebenzi omkhulu zakudala. Inani elikhulu leengcaphephe yaseYurophu kunye mbali baqalisa ukufunda iintsalela yamandulo isixeko. Ngelo xesha baqalisa ukubuyiselwa mzi. Apha bezile bezakhiwo odumileyo (umzekelo, Theophil von Hansen kunye Leo von Klenze), Wakha ezitratweni aphilileyo. Ngowe-1896 Athens yasingatha yokuqala Imidlalo Olimpiki yanamhlanje.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX, ngenxa kwisivumelwano Greek-Turkish kwi ngokutshintshiselana labemi esixekweni wabuya bakhaya evela kumazwe zikude. Izigidi amaGrike okokuqala bakwazi ukuya kutyelela eAthene. I indawo okuyo kwengqukuva kuvunyelwa ukuba babeke ezininzi bahlali.

Ngexesha Second World War baba eAthene ixesha elifutshane ekuhlaleni waseJamani. Namhlanje ke isixeko mihla yaseYurophu ngamatye ezininzi lidala futhi iphuhliswe iziseko.

Nemnogno geography

Uqhekekile umzi ekummandla ethafeni central zaseAttica (ezantsi kwe weBalkan Peninsula), owayamene Gulf of Saroniks. Sithetha nje ibamba phantse neArabha yonke, ngoko kungekudala isixeko kuya kufuneka ndawo ukukhula ngenxa kwemida zendalo eentaba kunye namanzi. Kodwa ngoxa namadlelo ekwimimandla emelene wokwandisa. Via Athens Kifisos elibaleka Eridanus emlanjeni kunye Pikrodafni.