Yintoni i mfanekiso? umbhalo kuphelile ukuvuna (ifoto)

Yintoni i mfanekiso? Lo mbuzo umdla abaninzi. Kwezinye igama sonorous angaphandle linxulunyaniswa umfanekiso webali yebhayibhile kwi intsimbi okanye ilitye ibhodi, abanye bakholelwa ukuba oku nje umzobo, zaba nemikrolo ngemela phezu kwetafile.

Noko ke, lo mbuzo: "Yintoni ishicilela?" - ayikwazi iphendulwe ayintsokothanga, njengoko zintsonkothe kakhulu ubugcisa yemizobo. Kodwa omnye singatsho ngokuqinisekileyo. Umbhalo - oku uhlobo olulodwa yobugcisa graphic, leyo amagcisa zayo ezibalaseleyo kunye inkosi elihle.

izixhobo mfanekiso

Ubugcisa yokudweba singabandakanyi naziphi iindlela zobugcisa, ukongeza iseti iibhrashi obugcisa, palette kunye ngoM. Enye into - kushicilelwa ezifuna uqeqesho multi-technical, a lot of kwetyala runs. Kodwa ke kutheni kuyimfuneko? Ngaba akukho lula ukuba bazobe umfanekiso yaye musa ukuchitha ixesha kunye namandla iikopi zayo ezininzi. Okukhona ukuba ubuciko wenyaniso nawaphi milembelele. Kodwa apha, lo mgaqo akusebenzi. ukusebenza umbhalo lilele engaqhelekanga layo, ukuzoba isakhiwo namakhubalo.

Graphics wafumana indlela yoshicilelo ebizwa ngokuba "print". Nangona kunjalo, lo yoshicilelo - oqwalaselweyo nakweyiphi na woshicilelo yoqobo kunye - eyayenzeke kunye nebhodi eqingqiweyo. Yintoni nokukrola ngokwembono lemveliso nobuchwepheshe? Simple ukuxhaphaza, ngexesha apho kuyimfuneko cofa iphepha bephepha kwibhodi, esisetyenziswe ngaphambili paint. Eli phepha ke abazahlulayo ngenyameko ebhodini - kwaye ulungele ukuprinta.

Metal neenkuni

zenja Art ayikho print, kwaye eyimveliso original, apho unako ke ngoko wenze naliphi na inani leekopi. I onamandla umbandela zolwakhiwo "Ibhodi", uluvo ngakumbi ziya kufumaneka. Imikrolo ke kweentlobo ezimbini: yoshicilelo phezulu kunye gravure. Indlela yokuqala elitywinwe original bezobugcisa esipilini, ngendlela yokuba idayi ozitshintshele iphepha ukusuka kumphezulu olungaphandle ipateni cut. Indlela yesibini ubonelela ukuba ngepeyinti luya ephepheni ngaphandle emathambekeni wayizalisa kwi "Ibhodi".

Ubugcisa yavela ngenkulungwane ye-15, ukususela ngoko silungiswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo. iibhodi umbhalo ekuqaleni wenziwa oxwebhu lobhedu njengoko intsimbi kakhulu zithambe. Kamva, kwakukho technology xylographic apho ibhodi lazithwebula iinkuni esiqinileyo. Le ndlela iye ngaphantsi ixesha elide, ngaphandle kwaba lula ukwenza ushicilelo multi-umbala. Ukulungiselela le njongo ke kuyimfuneko ukwenza iiplanga ezimbalwa ilungiselelo ezahlukeneyo izinto zokuzoba. I Iphepha lasebenza khosi kwibhodi nganye, kunye nokomisa esiphakathi, apho umfanekiso wombala amaphepha.

mfanekiso evumile

Kuprintwa saka kwi ngenkulungwane ye-15. Liyayishicilela kakhulu ezixabisekileyo ziye wadalwa ngexesha elinye, koomasifundisane wegcisa German Martin Schongauer kunye Albrehta Dyurera. Asazi ukuba emke kubo abavela Andrea Mantegna kunye Antonio Pollaiuolo.

Ngenkulungwane ye-16 yoshicilelo Art iye wayehlonelwa eYurophu, nokukrola wavuswa ukuya kwinqanaba zobugcisa ophezulu, ubukhulu becala ngenxa obukhulu yi Dürer, ezifana "I ezine Amahashe ye-Apocalypse," "Coat of Arms Ukufa," "Melancholia".

Le ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-16 kwaphawula idabi kwimizobo lokukrola, imizobo elula zikwixesha eladlulayo, kwakukho hlukile, ngokusika iteknoloji iye entsonkothileyo kakhulu, enxuseneyo kunye cross-hatching unako ukufikelela iziphumo kumnandi ekuphumezeni bayawarhawula isiphumo isandi kunye umdlalo yokukhanya nomthunzi. Umfanekiso efumaneke imiqondiso wolungiso ukuba umfutho ubuchule engaphezulu ekuphuculeni ukufundiswa.

zenja zophuhliso

Amagcisa baqala ukusebenzisa ngasekhohlo le Metal waza wafumana nobuchwepheshe Nosipho, leyo yatyatyamba usebenza ngokupheleleyo kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-17. A portraitist brilliant Rembrandt isebenzise kushicilelwa futhi baphumelele kakhulu kule nkalo. Artist Zhan Kallo wanikezela ngokupheleleyo ubomi bakhe ubugcisa, nokukrola wadala igalari ye enemifanekiso yabantu bexesha lakhe. Klod Lorren waba nomdla inguqulelo lwemizobo bakhe imikrolo. A Rubens waququzelela workshop okhethekileyo, nto leyo olunokuveliswa ngemizobo yakhe.

ukuthandwa

Wenkulungwane 17 yayingunyaka zegolide kuphuhliso ezintsha zobugcisa - imikrolo kunye etchings. Uluhlu ngeentlobo apho umzobi isebenza, bonke landiswa. Ezi zabantu komhlaba, yasemaphandleni, izigcawu emfazweni, ukanti lifes, izilwanyana kunye nabemi yolwandle. Amagcisa amaninzi ixesha ziwongwe ukuzama isandla sabo lobuciko lokukrola. Kwakukho albhamu yonke, simanyene thematically kwi Scene kunye ngezizathu zobugcisa. Ngequbuliso baba etchings odumileyo satirical ka Hogarth, Daniyeli Chodowiecki imisinga uthotho nemikrolo Francisco Goya.

zenja Art in Japan

EJapan, eyaziwa ngokuba ayo obugcisa, iye akaphumanga kude. zenja Japanese - yinto inwebu yonke kwenkcubeko lizwe, inxalenye ngobugcisa wesizwe. Ibali liyayishicilela yokuqala, "ukiyo-e" enemvelaphi yayo ngenkulungwane ye-17. Emva koko ke anemifanekiso yaseJapan eshicilelwe abamnyama nabamhlophe. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-18, amagcisa anenkqubo yoshicilelo umbala, yaye "ukiyo-e 'siguqulwe.

Umbhalo eJapan malini engaxabisi kakhulu yaye imfuno ngokuthe ngcembe. Baya ukubonisa izicaphulo ubomi babantu abaqhelekileyo. Oku ikakhulu a geisha omhle (ukuba isihloko omkhulu), koko wahamba wrestlers sumo, yaye kwindawo yesithathu kwakukho abadlali adumileyo Kabuki yeqonga. Emva kwexesha elithile, kwafika vogue landscape mfanekiso.

Ukukhuselwa izinto zexabiso

Le etchings kakhulu edumileyo, ethabathela kumfana esa kwixhego zenziwe ngamaxesha kutshanje, abantu systematized. imifanekiso umbhalo ziyafumaneka uluntu, iye inombolo yayo yobhaliso kunye, njengokuba umthetho, ibhaliswe. Oku kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ixabiso layo zobugcisa wahlala kungachukunyiswa. Kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga, ezifana ngemisebenzi Albrehta Dyurera, baphantsi ukhuselo UNESCO. Imikrolo edumileyo okanye ingakumbi ezixabisekileyo, iifoto kunye yakhiwe apho zifumaneka kubalawuli ezizodwa Interpol, ikhuselwe iinkonzo ezizodwa.

modernity

Ngenkulungwane yama-20, uphuhliso lokukrola njengoko ifom art yaqhubeka. Phantsi kolawulo yiSoviet, kukho isizukulwana lonke amagcisa anetalente abaye basebenza ngempumelelo kwinkalo etchings yaye kushicilelwa. Ngeli xesha, nokukrola onamava ukunyuka yayo elandelayo, ukuzoba nokuba nzima ngakumbi, amazwi akhe waya encotsheni. Xa nenani-30 kwasekwa Russian, yaye kamva Soviet isikolo ngentlabo, enikezelwa amagcisa abanetalente, kwakunye nabafundi babo. Ithemba Uphuhliso ngakumbi ubugcisa ngasekhohlo lulukhulu umnyama. Emva koko, kule minyaka eyandulela impi, nokukrola waba ipowusta, nokuthandwa layo liye lehla kakhulu.

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II phantse engama-20, kuphela liyayishicilela yaveliswa njengoko njengendlela ubuxoki angabizi kodwa esebenzayo Soviet. Okwangoku, ubugcisa lokukrola yindlela ukuxinga, akukho abathanda ezintsha, amagcisa nangaphezulu inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi zorhwebo. Nangona namhlanje umbuzo wokuba yintoni ngentlabo, nayiphi Russian kwindawo ukunika impendulo ebanzi. Mhlawumbi kuya kubakho iintlobo ezintsha beziva kwixesha elizayo, ngenxa yokuba lo zobugcisa uyakwazi ukuvuselela emikhakheni ezintsha.