Isakhiwo se-atom

Ulwakhiwo Atomic izazinzulu abanomdla elide phambi kokuba khona kwayo angqiniweyo ngokwezenzululwazi. Nkqu kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, Democritus, sobulumko yamaGrike kunye lobulumko, wacebisa ukuba nayiphi na into iqulathe amasuntswana amancinane. Kwaye nguye lo kuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "atom". Emva kokufa kwakhe, kwakukho iqela zobulumko zamaGrike, amalungu bazama ukuphuhlisa iimbono zakhe. Babizwa ngokuba atomists. Zonke ezi izimvo zibekwe Roman Lucretius emsebenzini wakhe odumileyo "Ngomhla uhlobo yezinto." Noko ke, kumaxesha akutshanje, kude ekuqaleni Renaissance, yayisonganyelwa iimbono zomnye lobulumko yamaGrike uAristotle, ngubani ngokucacile wakhanyela ubukho athom.

Eyokuqala owenza ukuzama ukuvuselela imfundiso Democritus, Boyle i eliNgesi phikisana imfundiso yakhe "amasuntswana ayahlukahlukenanga". Yena kwaphinda yi Newton. Noko ke, ubungqina lwenzululwazi imfundiso wayeseDalton, umfundisi imathematika. Ukufeza amalinge kunye neegesi, ziphawuleka ukuba umlinganiselo ezo amasuntswana yeehidrojeni mpilo, bathatha inxaxheba abasabela imichiza, usoloko lihambisana ingxenye ethile. Le yokugqibela ngokuqhelekileyo ibonisa ukuba umlinganiselo yamanani amancinane. Oku kwenza utitshala IsiNgesi yemathematika ukuqulunqa umthetho wakhe "ulwalamano ezininzi", yaye kamva - nomthetho "ulwalamano oluqhubekayo", ezisekelwe kuyo, kwiyadi nganye umchiza, umlinganiselo ubunzima izinto ukuqala usoloko umnye. izifundo zakhe waqhubeka Bertselliusom kunye Avogadro.

Isibakala sokuba ubume atom yi kunokuba nzima, iye bungqinelwa zesayensi kwekhulu eyadlulayo. Igalelo kule ukufunyanwa enkulu yenziwa ngu: Thomson kwaba ubukho reyi cathode, Skłodowska-Curie kunye nomyeni wakhe uPierre Curie, wavula yemisebe endalo izinto Rezeford, othe phambi kwi kumbindi atom kakuhle wamwisela nucleus kunye namathuba transmutation ngumntu isiqalelo ukuya kwenye, Chadwick, ukuze ukubona ubukho izinto cala okanye neutron. Indlela esakhiwe ngayo esi-atom kuqala nzulu waqalisa ukufunda Thompson, ngubani wafumanisa electron ngo-1897. Wakwazi ubungqina bokuba khona imizimba nokuba kakhulu ngakumbi. Ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi wayo isakhiwo atom icace kakhulu. Wafumanisa ukuba kwisuntswana umelwe kunikezelo ungqukuva iintlawuliso ezintle, lisisiqalo ezimbi ngokupheleleyo. Ngenxa yesi-atom isizathu kagesi cala.

Kuthotho izifundo olwenziwe ezi kunye nezinye abaphandi, kwafunyaniswa ukuba atom ayikho umzimba bomzi, yaye ubunjwe amasuntswana afana neutron, protons kunye electron.

Ezi athom Proton isiqalo kangangoko kwaye electron e iqokobhe layo, ngaphezu koko, inani protons liyangqinelana nenani element lwezakhi. Kwiinginginya Proton kunye neutron phantse twatse. Ezi zinto bazondelele kule kwinucleus i-atom yimikhosi ezizodwa, babiziweyo naye yenyukliya; Ezi imikhosi anamandla kakhulu, kodwa ukuthobela imigama ultrashort, imikhosi multiple egqwesileyo yamasuntswana isizathu. Ubunzima elektroni ayinamsebenzi. Phantse yonke ubunzima atom lungena nucleus, isakhiwo isiqalo atom iqulethe neutron kunye protons. Iimpawu kule nxalenye bubonwa amabakala alo ezingundoqo zikhankanywe ngasentla. Phakathi atom zifumaneka ekuthiwa-isotonic. Ezi zibe ukwimo enye babe izinto ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwinto yokuba inani neutron ziyahluka. Inani protons zabo, Noko ke, sisoloko efanayo. Umzekelo, ubume athom carbon kudla nomthwalo ubukho yaseburhulumenteni ezintandathu amasuntswana ngokuqinisekileyo ityala kwaye cala ezintandathu - 12 kuphela, ngamanye a ebizwa ngokuba yi-carbon Inombolo mass kakhulu ngokuqhelekileyo - 12 Noko ke, kukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo sakhi apho inani protons elihambisana stably 6 kwaye inani neutron ziyahluka.

ingaphezulu iqokobhe yi kunokuba nkqubo inzima. It iqulathe subshells ezahlukeneyo kunye ezahlukeneyo kumanqanaba namandla, nto leyo yahlulwe-amanqanaba sub kunye ne-sub - on the Orbital. Akutsha ezahluke ngokumila nobukhulu zabo.