Yintoni allotropy? allotrope le carbon, Chemistry

Izizathu iintlobo-oganikhi khompawundi - ukukwazi ukwenza imixokelelwane athom carbon ezahlukeneyo kunye nemijikelo izinto ezihambelanayo. Yiyo le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa isomerism. Kwaye isizathu sokuba ezahlukeneyo ezilula izinto ezingaphiliyo? Kubonakala ukuba uphendule lo mbuzo ngokuqwalasela into allotropy. Yiyo nale meko zendalo kwihlabathi imichiza ulunxibelele ubukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iikhompawundi ezilula.

Yintoni allotropy?

Phendula lo mbuzo kuba njalo. Esi simo ubukho element kwemichiza efanayo ngohlobo kwezinto ezininzi ezilula. Oko kukuthi, ukuba iseli 118 kwitheyibhile ngamaxesha, oko akuthethi akuthethi ukuba inani elifanayo athom kwindalo. Ngalinye izinto (phantse yonke) kufuneka iintlobo omnye okanye ngaphezulu, okanye utshintsho allotropic.

Yintoni na izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana? Izizathu isenzeko emibuzo ezimbili:

• inani elahlukileyo athom kwi molecule (allotropy composition);
• isakhiwo ukungalingani emkhusaneni (allotropy form).

Amaxesha amaninzi isimaphambili linxulunyaniswa polymorphism elide. Noko ke, kukho umahluko phakathi kwazo. Yintoni allotropy? Le nenguqulo imichiza nezinto ezahlukeneyo elula, akukhathaliseki nokuba kunjalo naliphi na ilizwe na udibaniso. Nangona polymorphism - ingqiqo isebenza kuphela okuqinileyo izinto crystalline.

Various Izilungiso allotropic iikhompawundi ngokuqhelekileyo zibonakaliswe iileta baseRoma phambi igama. Alpha usoloko zibekwe phambi kwifomu, leyo lobushushu yokunyibilika ubuncinane ebila. Ngokubhekele phaya phantsi zamagama kunye nokwanda yokusebenza, ngokulandelelana.

Nangona element amachiza kwi isiseko wenkqu elula ngokufanayo, ulungiso iimpawu kakhulu enye kwenye, yaye zombini ngokwasemzimbeni kunye imichiza. Eyona ndlela ilula ukwenza iifom allotropic:

• non-izinyithi (ngaphandle halogens kunye neegesi egalelwe);
• semimetals.

Least allotropy iintsimbi bafunda ekubeni zenze iinguqulelo ezinjalo engafuni hayi bonke. Iyonke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kukho angaphezu kwama-400 iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izinto ezilula. Okukhona igcwala uphawu le element, kokukhona inani eyaziwa zokuguqulwa allotropic kuyo.

zokulungisa carbon

allotrope le carbon - ngowona mzekelo eqhelekileyo ebabulala obonisa isenzeko kuthethwa. Ngapha koko, le element unako yokutshata iindidi ezininzi iikhompawundi isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo akhazimlayo ngekroba. Kulo mfanekiso into elula efana izichasi ezwi kwi kwiipropati zabo ukuba abaseleyo izigqibo ukuba ukuzibuza endalo.

Ngenxa yoko, i allotrope le carbon iquka iinguqulelo zilandelayo.

1. Yintoni allotrope le carbon, ingalandwa kwaye elilandelayo ukumila kwayo, nto leyo yahluke kuyaphi kowangaphambili. Le mifanekiso. Kakhulu into ethambileyo, nto leyo flake off lula kwaye ushiye uphawu olwahlukileyo ephepheni. Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngenxa nokuveliswa izibambo iipensile ezilula. Ubume yale fomu - esi sixhobo sekhombuya ezinamacala amahlanu. Unxibelelwano phakathi Ingaphandle ndibuthathaka, ngokulula neqwengiweyo, izinto loxinano ephantsi. Grafayithi isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa idayimani esiyenziwe njengoko igrisi eqinileyo; ngokuba nokuveliswa electrode njengoko zeplastiki lokufaka, kwaye zamandla zenyukliya.
2. Fullerenes - esinye ubungqina bokuba kukho allotropy. Chemistry ezi zihlanganisi iyafana naleyo hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi. Ngenxa isakhiwo yabo ezimacala khaxa evaliweyo, ngokungathi ibhola ekhatywayo. Fullerenes isebenze njenge semiconductor kwimizobo ekuveliseni iikhompawundi lokwakhiwa njengoko photoresist kunye nabanye.
3. tserafit Lonsdalite yaye - ezimbini ngakumbi crystalline ukuguqulwa allotropic le carbon. Kwafunyaniswa kakhulu kutshanje. Ngeempawu ezifanayo kakhulu nedayimani, xa kungekho ubumdaka zinokuba amaxesha nzima eziliqela.
4. Amalahle umle - allotropy izinto amorphous. Esetyenziswa amafutha, izinto zokuthambisa, izihluzi njalo njalo. Ngokutsho umxholo yobume yeyona ixhaphakileyo zonke iinguqulelo le carbon.

diamond

I inzima zonke ezaziwayo ukuthandana izinto, kuqikelelwa kwiindawo 10 ngomhla we Mohs isikali. Ifom crystalline le carbon, apho isakhiwo buphuma ifomu oqhagamshelwano phakathi kakuhle amaziko womnatha tetrahedral.

Diamond kuhle kakhulu ukwazi ukuba ndibachithachithe ukukhanya, inokusetyenziswa ubucwebe (diamonds). Ngenxa yokuqaqadeka yayo kakhulu, kusetyenziswa ukusika nokudibanisa iintsimbi, ukubhola, ipolishi, nasekugayeni. Namhlanje ngokusesikweni ukuveliswa iidayimani ngumntu esetyenziswa kwishishini.

nezinye iintlobo

Kwakhona, kukho iintlobo ezininzi lwesi sakhi:

• nanotubes;
• nanofoam;
• Astrolite;
• nanofibers;
• yiglasi;
• grafayithi;
• carbine;
• nanobuds.

Iifom Esilindelekileyo, kodwa putative zempilo iikhompawundi carbon elula: chaoit, carbon kunye dicarbon metal.

oksijini allotropy

Oku kwenza izinto ezimbini nonmetal elula:

• igesi oxygen (at kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo), indlela apho O _2;
• igesi ozone, ukwakhiwa ngamava apho vangama O _3.

Kucacile ukuba apha esona sizathu siphambili ubukho uguqulelo - molecule. umoya Normal - isiseko ubomi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo (ngaphandle lwegciwane anaerobic). Yena nokuthatha inxaxheba exchange igesi, umthombo wamandla kuzo zonke iinkqubo zobomi. Afana - oxidant, apho kukho ezininzi khemikhali yenziwe.

Ozone senziwa kwindalo okanye izixhobo zaselebhu ezizodwa ozonizers oksijini evela emoyeni yi obhobhozayo zombane womelele. Xa iimeko zendalo - ukuba umbane. Xa lamanani aphantsi mkhondo ngayo livumba entsha ezimnandi (emva kokuba isaqhwithi wayesoloko eziva emoyeni). It is a oxidant onamandla kunene, iblitshi, afana esebenzayo.

phosphorus ukuguqulwa

Allotropy oxygen iyafana naleyo iphosphate kunye. Kwakhona unalo iinguqulelo ezimalunga ne-11 ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo inani athom kwi molecule, yaye ngoko, ulwalamano iikhemikhali kunye neepropati. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu uzinzile, nakwabanye, ngokwesimo ngokubonakalayo ayenzeki, kunye ezibolayo.

1. phosphorus White. It Formula _F-4. A into efana iparafini ethambileyo ezimhlophe okanye umbala elityheli kancinane. Kulula ukunyibilika, ajike abe gas ityhefu.
2. phosphorus bomvu - intlama, nto leyo eye ivumba elibi. Formula - P _n. Esi sakhiwo Polymer.
3. Black phosphorus - olunamafutha ezibunzima kwebala, leyo omnyama ngombala kunye ezinyibilikayo ngokupheleleyo emanzini.

ukuguqulwa metal

Yintoni allotropy ngesinyithi, lungafumaneka kwi umzekelo yentsimbi. Ikhona ngohlobo lwe:

• alpha;
• beta;
• gamma;
• imilo kelly.

Nganye kwahlukile isakhiwo sangaphambili yikristale emkhusaneni kunye, ngokufanelekileyo, iimpawu. Umzekelo, alpha-form - ferromagnetichna beta -paramagnetik.

Ngokubanzi, zonke iintsimbi ezaziwayo ukusuka ukuguqulwa allotropic ukwenza ezingama-27 imichiza.

tin allotropy

Umdla kuloo alpha-form - ngumgubo ongwevu, apho ikhona kuphela kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Beta-form, kwelinye icala, intsimbi, ubuhle-ezimhlophe, ezithambileyo kunye ductile. Kukho e ukusebenza eliphezulu lobushushu - up to 161 ° ^C. Enye fomu ifumaneka lula atshintshelwe kwenye in vivo, ukuba drop isidanga.