Viking Age: ngokufutshane malunga main

Middle Ages ibhekisela kwixesha Viking VIII-XI cc. Xa zagcwala ulwandle yaseYurophu nabaphangi ngqindilili evela yaseScandinavia. kuphangwa zabo bagubha abemi oluphucukileyo of the World Old. I Vikings baba kuphela amasela kodwa abarhwebi kunye nabahloli. Xa inkolo baba nabahedeni.

Inkangeleko i Viking

Ngenkulungwane VIII, abemi kummandla namhlanje eNorway, Sweden kunye Denmark baye baqalisa ukwakha Osenyangweni-isantya ngexesha iinqanawa waza wazithumela uhambo olude. On ezi adventures azityhalele ezinzima uhlobo ilizwe lokuzalwa. Ulimo yaseScandinavia waba ngokwaneleyo ngenxa sezulu esibandayo. Isivuno athobekile akazange avumele abantu balapha indyebo ukondla iintsapho zabo. Ngenxa kakhulu zizityebi iphanga Vikings, leyo wabanika ithuba nje kuthenga ukutya, kodwa lokuthengisa nabamelwane

Oomatiloshe yokuqala ukuhlaselwa kumazwe angabamelwane kwenzeka kunyaka 789. Emva koko ke wabaphangi bahlasela Dorset e ntshona eNgilani, wabulala nasekuphangweni isixeko PETN. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa ixesha le Vikings. Enye imbangela enkulu SANDF abaninzi kube ukwandiswa kwenkqubo endala olusekelwe kuluntu kunye nobubele. Ukuze ukwazi, ukomeleza impembelelo yayo baqalisa ukwenza kwase yokuqala ithi kummandla Denmark. Kuba yarlov ezinjalo ukukhuthuza baba umthombo wobutyebi kunye nempembelelo phakathi bakhaya bakhe.

oomatiloshe abanezakhono

Isizathu eziphambili kuloyiso ezifunyaniswe yendawo, i Vikings baqalisa ezityeni zazo, ababelungile kakhulu ngakumbi na yaseYurophu enye. YaseScandinavia iinqanawa ebizwa Drakkar. Abahambi wayedla nabo ekhayeni labo. Ezo nqanawa mobile. Iiplastiki lula ukuhambisa basuswe bamfumanisa. Ekuqaleni, imikhumbi ekuqhubeni, kamva bafumana iseyile.

Drakkar wayehluke eziphambili ifomu ezithile isantya, ukuthembeka kunye lula. Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ngokukodwa imilambo nzulu. Ngokungena kubo, i Vikings angaya nzulu zonakalisa lizwe. hambo yaba isimanga ngokupheleleyo abaMhlophe. Njengomgaqo, Drakkar zazakhiwe iinkuni uthuthu. Lukwa uphawu ebalulekileyo, nto leyo eyashiya imbali yokuqala ephakathi. Ixesha Vikings - akukho nje ithuba lokoyisa, kodwa ke uphuhliso ixesha yorhwebo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, i Scandinavians babesebenzisa iinqanawa zabarhwebi ezikhethekileyo - Knorr. Baba ngokubanzi enzulu Drakkar. iimpahla enjalo ukulayisheka impahla ngaphezulu.

era Viking e Northern Europe yabalasela kuphuhliso navigation. Scandinavians azibanga izixhobo ezizodwa (umzekelo ikhampasi), kodwa ke baphathwa kakuhle tips Nature. Ezi oomatiloshe nolwazi olunzulu imikhwa iintaka wayithimba naye eya ukufumanisa ukuba kukho mhlaba elandelayo (ukuba wayengekho, iintaka babuyele enqanaweni). Abaphandi swi ilanga, iinkwenkwezi kunye nenyanga.

Behlasela aseBrithani

Kuphangwa yokuqala Scandinavians eNgilani baba mfutshane elide. Baphanga godlo ukuzikhusela yaye ngokukhawuleza wabuyela elwandle. Ngokuthe ngcembe, kunjalo, i Vikings baqala ukubeka ibango kwilizwe Anglo-amaSaxons. Ku Britain, ngoxa kwakungekho ubukumkani olulodwa. I siqithi yahlulwa phakathi kwabalawuli eziliqela. Ngo-865 edume Danish ukumkani Ragnar Lodbrok baya yiNorthumbria, kodwa bakhe inqanawa Wagidima ke umkhombe wayaphula. Abaqhekezi bamngqonga babanjiswe. UKumkani Nortumbrii Ella II abulala Ragnar wayalela ukuba bamphose emhadini ezele iinyoka ezinobuhlungu.

Lodbrok ukufa musa msulwa. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva wamisa Great iintlanga Army kunxweme eNgilani. Lo mkhosi wakhokelela oonyana emininzi Ragnar. I Vikings oyisa East Anglia, yiNorthumbria kunye uMercia. Abalawuli ezi zikumkani zabulawa ngokugwetywa. Inqaba yokugcina ye-Anglo-amaSaxons yaba South Wessex. NgoKumkani wakhe Alfred Veliky, eqonda ukuba imikhosi yakhe yanele ukulwa bahlaseli, wenza nabo umnqophiso woxolo, yaye ngoko, ngomnyaka 886, yaye bonke wavuma ubunini babo eBritani.

Ububi of England

Alfred kunye nonyana wakhe Edward, uMdala wathatha amashumi amane ukucima ilizwe ukusuka abasemzini. UMercia and East Anglia zaye zanikwa kunyaka 924. Ezisemagqagaleni osemantla yiNorthumbria Viking ubunganga ubukho kangangeminyaka engamashumi amathathu.

Emva kokuba ulale, i Scandinavians baqalisa ukuba ukuphinda-abonakala rhoqo elunxwemeni yaseBritani. Kubuya yokuhlasela yaqala ngo-980, yaye 1013th ucinge ngephonografi Forkbeard ukuthatha ngokupheleleyo phezu lizwe waza waba ngukumkani wayo. Unyana wakhe Knud Veliky engamashumi amathathu ulawulo ngu ukumkani amathathu: Great Britain, Denmark kunye eNorway. Emva kokufa kwakhe, ubukhosi omdala Wessex wabuyela amandla, abolunye uhlanga washiya eBritani.

Kwinkulungwane XI i Scandinavians aye imizamo ezimbalwa ukoyisa siqithi, kodwa bonke boyisakala. Viking Age, ngamafutshane, washiya uphawu yayo phezu inkcubeko kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko Anglo-Saxon Britain. Kwintsimi, nalapho ixesha elithile balihlutha Danes esekwe danelaw - inkqubo yomthetho, yathatyathwa ukusuka Scandinavians. Le ndawo bodwa bangadibani namanye amaphondo IsiNgesi kulo zamaXesha Aphakathi.

Normans kunye Franks

E Western Yurophu, ixesha Viking ibizwa ngokuba ixesha zawahlasela ze ngokusemthethweni. Phantsi eli gama yaseScandinavia awayephila bakhumbula namaKatolika. Ukuba Vikings ngomkhombe ukuya entshonalanga ubukhulu becala ukuze ayiphange eNgilani, kumazantsi injongo zeehambo yabo uBukhosi amakhosi. Yaye yasekwa kunyaka 800 yi uCharlemagne. Xa kuyo, naphantsi unyana wakhe Louis bosuku wahlala umbuso onamandla, eli lizwe ayakhuselwa iintlanga.

Noko ke, xa umbuso yahlulwa zikumkani ezithathu, kwaye, yena, baqala ubunzima futhi, kuseloko iindleko zale nkqubo feudal, phambi kokuba Vikings ukuvula amathuba zezilwanyana onokucinga ngazo. Ezinye Scandinavians ngonyaka ngamnye, ebulala unxweme, ngoxa abanye abaqeshwe kwinkonzo abalawuli yamaKatolika ukuhlawula kumaKristu onesisa ukukhusela. Ebudeni benye behlasela zabo, i Vikings nokuba wayithimba Paris.

Ngo-911, i-amakhosi ukumkani uCharles i Simple wanika Vikings kumantla eFransi. Lo mmandla yaziwa eNormandy. abalawuli yayo babhaptizwa. Eli qhinga kwaphumelela. Lisiba sesona Vikings kancane kutshintsho a ungenzi nto yokuphila. Kodwa amanye imiphefumlo nesibindi baye baqhubeka amaphulo zabo. Ngoko ke, ngo-1130 ngokusemthethweni woyisa emazantsi eItali waza wadala nobukumkani Sicilia.

Kubaphangi Discovery of America

Ukuhambisa ngokubhekele entshonalanga, Vikings wafumanisa Ireland. Badla kwango behlasela esiqithini sasekhohlo bendawo lwamaCeltic nenkcubeko ebalulekileyo engqondweni. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamakhulu amabini, Scandinavians owned Dublin. Ehlabathini 860, i Vikings bafumanisa Iceland ( "ice ilizwe"). Bona baba yokuqala abemi beli ntlango siqithi. Iceland indawo ethandwayo kwamathanga. Norway wafuna kubahlali ababaleka lizwe ngenxa iimfazwe zamakhaya rhoqo.

Ngo-900, i-Viking inqanawa ngozi ngaphandle kwebala, beza eGreenland. I amathanga okuqala apho ekupheleni X kwenkulungwane. Le lokufumanisa ephefumlelwe ezinye Viking ukuba aqhube ngokufuna umendo ukuya ngasentshona. Zono Kuyathenjwa ukuba phesheya kolwandle kukho umhlaba omtsha. Explorer Leif Eriksson ifikelele lwaseYurophu Intshona Melika emhlabeni nyaka-1000 kwaye lawela Labrador Peninsula. Lo mhlaba ke wabiza Vinland. Ngenxa yoko, Viking ixesha yabalasela ukufunyanwa America ezintlanu kwiinkulungwane phambi Hristofora Kolumba hambo.

Amarhe ngale ilizwe akukacaci kwaye akwasala ngaphandle yaseScandinavia. EYurophu, wayengazi malunga nezwekazi Koloni. Zokusonjululwa Vikings e Vinland yathatha amashumi eziliqela. mizamo emithathu kwenziwa ikoloni ilizwe, kodwa bonke boyisakala. Kwi njengabaphambukeli ohlaselayo namaNdiya. Ukuqhagamshelana amathanga kwakunzima kakhulu ngenxa imigama emikhulu. Ekugqibeleni, lo Scandinavians ekhohlo America. Kamva, Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumana imizila yeentlawulo e Newfoundland, eKhanada.

Vikings ne Rus

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane VIII, imikhosi Vikings baqalisa ukuhlasela amazwe omiweyo izizwe ezininzi Finno-Ugric. Oku kungqinwa ezafunyanwa ngabembi kwafunyanwa eRashiya Staraya Ladoga. Ukuba eYurophu the Vikings ebizwa ngokusemthethweni, i nokuxubana ogama Vikings zabo. Scandinavians ilawulwe embalwa urhwebo kumazibuko kwi kwiBaltic Elwandle Prussia. Apha iqala a nenzuzo Amber Road apho evuthiweyo uthuthwa ukuya kuthi xhaxhe.

Njani i Rus Viking Age? Ngokufutshane, enkosi afikayo yaseScandinavia yavela sokumiswa Mpuma Slavic. Ngokutsho nenguqulelo esemthethweni, abemi Novgorod, ngokufuthi wadibana ne Vikings wajika wabuyela kuye uncedo ngexesha ingxabano lwangaphakathi. Ngoko ukuze lilawule Vikings Rurik wamenyelwa. Ukusuka kwakhe kwakukho indlu, apho kungekudala wajoyina eRashiya waza waba ulawulo eyayiseKiev.

Abahlali Gen. of yaseScandinavia

Ekhaya i Vikings babehlala kwizindlu Sasungulwa enkulu. Phantsi kuphahla esi sakhiwo ukuxuma intsapho kwizizukulwana nje ezintathu. Bantwana, abazali noomawokhulu bahlala kunye. Eli siko yaba intlokoma nkqubo yezizwe. Izindlu zazakhiwe iinkuni nodongwe. Uphahla nja-. Xa igumbi elikhulu engundoqo yaba liziko eqhelekileyo, elo anidlanga kuphela, kodwa ubuthongo.

Nokuba xa Ixesha Vikings, imizi yabo yaseScandinavia ayemancinane kakhulu ngobukhulu enikeza indlela nkqu zokuhlala ye nokuxubana. Abantu bagxila emhlabeni ikakhulu kumaziko mveliso kunye nezorhwebo. Cities wakha imifula ejulile. Oku kwenziwa ukuze ufumane obutofotofo ezweni kwimeko uhlaselo yotshaba zithuthi wazi ngaphambi kwakhe lwendlela.

abalimi yaseScandinavia enxibe shirt iikawusi kunye ezimfutshane nebrukhwe baggy. Viking yesinxibo sasingakwazi obungqabangqaba ngenxa yokunqongophala ikrwada izibonelelo Vikings emazweni. abameli abatyebileyo iiklasi ephezulu ukuba ukunxiba impahla elinombala eyahlula kubo, evela kuyo indimbane, ebonisa ubutyebi kunye nobume. Women kaThixo Viking yesinxibo ngokuyimfuneko zibandakanyiwe izincedisi - izacholo metal, bezisa izacholo, namacici kunye isiqhoboshi emibhinqweni. Ukuba intombazana nditshatile, wabeka iinwele zakhe phezulu Bun, ingatshatanga yathatha iribhoni iinwele zakhe.

Zempi nezixhobo Vikings

Xa inkcubeko ethandwayo umfanekiso mihla ixhaphake of a Viking zazineempondo isigcina phezu kwentloko yakhe. Enyanisweni, ezi iminqwazi zaba lwepaki kwaye engasekho kusetyenziselwa ukulwa kunye nezithethe. Clothing Viking era kubandakanya inyanzelekile kubo bonke abasibaneki isikrweqe.

Yaba izixhobo kakhulu ohlukeneyo. Northerners baye basebenzisa umkhonto eemitha malunga enye enesiqingatha ubude, leyo kusikwa kunye ukuhlatywa utshaba. Kodwa wahlala ikrele ixhaphakileyo. Esi sixhobo ukukhanya kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo, wabonakala kumaXesha Aphakathi bamlandela. ikrele Viking kwenziwe ozikhethelayo ezininzi yaseScandinavia. Warriors ngokufuthi wathenga isixhobo amakhosi, njengoko inika arcade games. Ngaba Vikings neemela elide - amaSaxons.

Luke abemi yaseScandinavia zazenziwe ash okanye yew. Njengoko umtya isoloko isetyenziswa iinwele, nokunxitywa. Common melee Izikhali nangeempahla ezibukhali zesinyithi. Vikings ekhethwayo ebanzi, ibleyidi symmetrically ezahlukeneyo.

Normans zakutsha

Kwimeko yokuqala isiqingatha XI ikhulu ekupheleni Viking Age. Waba ngenxa yezinto eziliqela. Okokuqala, e yaseScandinavia ekugqibeleni yaphela-siseko endala beeNtlanga. Yena indawo feudalism classic aphakathi ukuya suzerain kunye buzimeleyo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo mna ndahlala nesiqingatha kwawenza ubomi. Abemi yaseScandinavia bahlala kwilizwe lakhe.

Le ekupheleni Viking Age weza nayo ngenxa ukusasazeka kobuKristu phakathi northerners. I entsha nokholo, ngokuchaseneyo wobuhedeni, ezichaswayo wegazi maphulo kwelinye ilizwe. Ngokuthe ngcembe, into eninzi izithethe yimibingelelo yalibaleka, njalo njalo. E. I yokuqala iminqamlezo wazi ukuba ngokuncedwa entsha yokholo legitimizovalas emehlweni eseleyo ziphucukile European Community. Emva abalawuli basebukhosini njengoko abantu abaqhelekileyo.

Xa iimeko ezitshintshileyo le Vikings, ababefuna zokudibanisa ubomi babo kunye nemicimbi zomkhosi, zaya kungena mercenaries bakhonza kunye akwa amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, ookumkani Byzantine elakhe Varangian Guard. Northerners ayaziswa ngamandla abo, kuphila kunye ezahlukeneyo izakhono yokulwa. Amandla yokugqibela Viking ngengqiqo ezaziwa ulizwi uKumkani Norway uHarald III Severe. Waya eNgilani, wathetha naye, kodwa wafa Idabi Stamford Bridge ngo1066. Kwafika ke ekupheleni Viking Age. UWilliam koloyiso ukusuka eNormandy (njengoko azithanda ndiyinzala ka yaseScandinavia oomatiloshe) elifanayo kunyaka nangoku woyisa England.