UVoloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich: i-biography, ifa lemveli, ubomi bomntu

UVoloshin Maximilian (iminyaka yobomi - 1877 - 1932) - imbongi, umculi, umgxeki wobugcisa, umgxeka olwabhaliweyo. UVoloshin uyisigxina. Igama lakhe lenene nguKirienko-Voloshin.

Ubuntwana, iminyaka yokufunda

Umlobi wekamva wazalwa eKiev ngo-1877, ngoMeyi 16 (28). Ookhokho bakayise babeyiZaporozhye Cossacks. Ukususela kumama kamama-Jamani ayenamaRussia ngekhulu le-17. UMaximilian washiywa engenabantwana kwiminyaka emithathu. EMoscow, ubuntwaba kunye nobutsha bembongo wexesha elizayo kudlula. Ngomnyaka we-1893 unina wathenga isiqithi somhlaba esiseduze neFoodsia Koktebel. Apha ngo-1897 uVoloshin Maximilian waphumelela kwi-gymnasium. Wabhalisa kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow (i-faculty-legal). UMaximilian kwiminyaka yakhe yokufunda wayebandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yokuguqula. Wayebandakanyeka kwisiteyimu seFebruwari 1900. Ngenxa yolu, kunye nesimo sakhe sokuphazamiseka kunye "nembono yehlabathi," uVoloshin Maximilian unqunyanyisiwe kwizifundo zakhe.

Ukuqala kohambo

Ukuze aphephe imiphumo emibi, waya ekwakhiweni kaloliwe ekwindla ka-1900. Emva koko uVoloshin wabiza eli xesha "ixesha elinqabileyo" eliye lazimisela impilo yakhe yokomoya. Kulo lwakhiwo ayelibonela ngaphambili, eMpuma, e-Asiya, ukuxhamla kwenkcubeko yaseYurophu.

Nangona kunjalo, kwakunokubandakanyeka okukhulu kukaMaximilian kwimpumelelo yenkcubeko yobugcisa kunye nezobugcisa baseNtshona Yurophu ukusuka ekuhambeni kwakhe kokuqala okwaba ngumgomo wobomi welo mbongi. Watyelela ngo-1899-1900 e-Italy, eFransi, eGrisi, eSwitzerland, eJamani, e-Austria-Hungary. Ngokukodwa uMaximilian ukhange iParis. Kwakuye kuye wabona i-Europe, kwaye ngenxa yoko kubomi bomoya. UMaximilian Alexandrovich, ebuyile e-Asia ngenxa yokwesaba ukutshutshiswa, usenza isigqibo sokuba aye eNtshona.

Ubomi eParis, ukuhamba phambili, "indlu yombongi" eKoktebel

EParis, uMaximilian Voloshin (okuchazwe kweli nqaku) watyelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwixesha ukususela ngo-1901 ukuya ku-1916, wahlala apha ixesha elide. Phakathi, imbongi yayidlula "kwihlabathi laseMeditera lasendulo." Ukongezelela, wayehamba ngeentloko zombini zaseRussia. UVoloshin ngelo xesha wayesehlala "kwindlovu yakhe" eKoktebel, eyaba yindawo enenkcubeko, indawo yokuphumla kunye nendawo yokukhusela yabalobi babalobi. UG.Shengeli, umhumushi nomlobi, wambiza ngokuthi "i-Cimmerian Athens". Ngezihlandlo ezahlukahlukeneyo uAndrei Bely, uVyacheslav Bryusov, uAlexey Tolstoy, uMaxim Gorky, u-Nikolai Gumilev, u-Osip Mandelstam, u-Marina Tsvetayeva, uV. Khodasevich, u-E. Zamyatin, Vs bavakashele le ndlu. Ivanov, K. Chukovsky, M. Bulgakov kunye nabanye abalobi abaninzi, abaculi, abaculi, izazinzulu.

UVoloshin ungumgxekayo wokubhala

Njengomgxeki weencwadi uVoloshin Maximilian waqala ngo-1899. Kwiphephancwadi "Ingcamango yesiRashiya" yabonakala iincwadana zakhe ezincinane ngaphandle kokusayinela. Ngo-Meyi 1900, inqaku elikhulu lapapashwa kwiphepha elifanayo phantsi kwesihloko esithi "Ukukhusela i-Hauptmann." Isayinwe "uMax Voloshin". Eli nqaku lenye yeembonakaliso zokuqala ze-aesthetics zanamuhla zaseRashiya. Emva koko, ezinye iimpahla zavela. Ngokwenene, uVoloshin wabhala ama-36 kubo kwiincwadi zesiRashiya, ezingama-35 kwiivenkile zaseFransi naseRashiya, ezingama-28 kwiincwadi zesiFrentshi, kunye nama-49 amanqaku kwiziganeko zobomi beFransi. Kuzo, imigaqo yobugcisa ye-modernism yaqinisekiswa kwaye yavakaliswa. UVoloshin wazisa izinto ezintsha kwiincwadi zelizwe lethu (ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, umsebenzi wezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yizitshixo zobuncinane) kumxholo weenkcubeko zaseYurophu zanamuhla.

UVoloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich, onomdla waso uyasithandayo, naye wayengummeli wencwadi, umcebisi, usomashishini, umceli kunye neengcali zabazalwana bakaGrif, uSorpion noSabashnikov. Wabiza umsebenzi wakhe wokukhanyisa ngokwabo uBuddha, umlingo, ubuKatolika, i-theosophy, i-occultism, i-Freemasonry. Konke oku ku-Maximilian okubonakalayo emsebenzini wakhe ngokusebenzisa i-prism yobugcisa. Ngokukodwa, wayeyixabisa "imilingo yengcamango" kunye "neengongoma zeengcamango", ngoko amanqaku akhe afana nesibongo, kunye neengqungquthela kumanqaku (oku kwaphawulwa ngu-I. Ehrenburg, owazinikela incoko kuye kwincwadi ethi "Portraits of Contemporary Poets", epapashwe ngo-1923 ) .

Iingqungquthela zokuQala

Ekuqaleni, akukho mibongo eningi ebhaliwe nguMaximilian Voloshin, umbongi. Phantse zonke zazo zafakwa kwincwadi eyavela ngo-1910 ("Imibongo, 1900-1910"). Isandla se "jeweler", "inkosi eyiyo" yabona ku-V. Bryusov. UVoloshin wayebheka njengabafundisi bakhe be-plasos ze-poetic zeJM Heredia, uGautier kunye nezinye iibongozi, "iiParnassians" zaseFransi. Imisebenzi yabo yayingqinelana ne-Verlaine "yomculo". Lo mfanekiso wemivuzo kaVoloshin unokubakho kwiqoqo lakhe lokuqala, kunye nakwesibini, eyaqulunqwa nguMaximilian ekuqaleni kwee-1920 kwaye ayipapashwa. Wayebizwa ngokuba ngu "Selva oscura". Kwakuquka imibongo eyenziwe ngexesha lokusukela ngo-1910 ukuya ku-1914. Ininzi yabo yafika kamva kwincwadi yabakhethiweyo, eyapapashwa ngo-1916 ("Iverni").

NgezoBomi ukuya kwiVereren

Unokuthetha ixesha elide malunga nomsebenzi welo mbongi njengoVoloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich. I-biography efingqiweyo kweli nqaku iqulethe kuphela izinto eziphambili malunga nayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ulawulo olucacileyo lwezopolitiko luvela kwinqanaba leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. E. Verharn. Iinguqulelo zeBryusov kwi-athikili ka-1907 "uElil Verharn noValery Bryusov" babephantsi kokugxeka uMaximilian. UVoloshin ngokwakhe uguqulela uVerharn "kwimiba eyahlukileyo" kunye "nakwiixesha ezahlukeneyo". Wachaza indlela awayejonga ngayo kuye kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Verharn. Ukufa, Ukudala, Ukuguqulela."

UVoloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich ungumlobi waseRussia owabhala imibongo ngeemfazwe. Kuqukwa kwiqoqo le-1916 elithi "Anno mundi ardentis", baxhomekeke kwiintetho ze-Verkhanov. Baqwalasela imifanekiso kunye nobuchule bokubhaliweyo kweengqungquthela, okwaba ngumlinganiselo ozinzile weeNgqungquthela zonke zeengqungquthela zenguquko, imfazwe yoluntu kunye neminyaka kamva. Icandelo lembongo ebhaliweyo ngelo xesha lanyatheliswa kwincwadi ethi 1919 "Iidemon zizithulu," enye inxalenye ngo-1923 yapapashwa eBerlin phantsi kwesihloko esithi "Iingqungquthela Zobungozi." Nangona kunjalo, inxalenye enkulu, le mi sebenzi ihleli kwincwadi yesandla.

Ukuxhatshazwa ngokusemthethweni

Ngo-1923, uVoloshin watshutshiswa nguRhulumente. Igama lakhe lilibalekile. E-USSR ngexesha elivela ngowe-1928 ukuya ku-1961, akukho mgca omnye walo mbongi owavela kumaphephandaba. Xa u-Ehrenburg wachaza ngokuhlonipha uVoloshin kwiimemori zakhe ngo-1961, oku kwangoko kwasusa ukukhuza kuka-A. Dymshits, owathi uMaximilian wayengumntu ongenabalulekanga kwaye wayenesimo sengqondo esibi malunga nokuguqulwa.

Buyela eCrimea, uzame ukungena kwi-press

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1917 uVoloshin wabuyela eCrimea. Kwimbali yowe-1925, wabhala ukuba akayi kumshiya kwakhona, akazange ahambe kwiphi na ayengasindiswa nantoni na. Ngaphambili, wathi akathethi nawaphi na macala okulwa, kodwa uhlala kuphela eRashiya nakhona; Kwaye wabhala ukuba kwakufuneka ahlale eRashiya de kube sekupheleni. Indlu yaseVoloshin, eseKoktebel, ngexesha lemfazwe yombango yahlala ingenisa izihambi. Apha, indawo yokukhusela yafunyanwa kwaye iinkundla ezimhlophe kunye nabaholi abomvu bafihlakele kwintshutshiso. UMaximilian wabhala malunga nalokhu kwisibongo sakhe esithi "iNdlu yeNdlovu" kwimbongo yakhe ye-1926. "Inkokeli ebomvu" yayinguBela Kun. Emva kokuba uWrangel etshatywe, waphumelela, ngokudityaniswa kwindlala kunye noloyiko, ukulwa neCrimea. Kubonakala ukuba, njengomvuzo wokubamba iKuhn phantsi kwamandla aseSoviet, uVoloshin wagcina indlu, kwaye wanikeza ukhuseleko olusondeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho iinkonzo zakhe kunye neengxaki ze- V. Veresaev, ochaphazelayo ngelo xesha, isikhalazo esithile esiphendukileyo nesibheno kuL. Kamenev, i-ideologist enamandla onke (ngo-1924) ayizange incede uMaximilian enze indlela yakhe yokushicilela.

Izikhokelo ezimbini zeengcamango zikaVoloshin

UVoloshin wabhala ukuba kuye le ndinyana ihlala yindlela ephela yokubonisa iingcamango. Bamkhwelisa ke emibini. Eyokuqala yimbali ye-historosophiki (i-Russia yasekupheleni kwayo, imveliso yayo yayivame ukunyaniseka ngokwenkolo kuye). Okwesibini kukuchasana. Apha ungayibona umjikelezo "Iindlela zikaKayin," ezibonisa iingcamango ze-anarchism jikelele. Umlobi wabhala ukuba kule mi sebenzi uyayifaka malunga nayo yonke imbono yakhe yentlalo, eyona nto yayingalunganga. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe i-tone engapheliyo yile mjikelezo.

Imisebenzi eyaziwayo kunye engaziwayo

Ukungahambelani kweengcamango ezibonakalayo zeVoloshin zazihlala zikhokelela ekubeni izinto zakhe zenziwa ngamanye amaxesha njengegama eliphakamileyo ("I-Transubstantiation", "i-Russia eNgcwele", "iKitezh", "I-Angel of Times", "iNdawo yaseNtsundu"), ukuqiqa i-cosmos ("Cosmos" "," ULeviyatan "," Tanob "kunye neminye imisebenzi evela" kwiNdlela kaKayin "), ukunyaniseka kweprogram (" Dimitrius-emperor "," Protopop Avvakum "," iSaint Seraphim "," iTale of the Monk Epiphany "). Nangona kunjalo, kunokuthiwa inkoliso yamaninzi yexesha lokuguquguquka yabonwa njengobungqina bombongo (ngokomzekelo, imizobo ye-Burzhuy "," i-Speculator "," i-Krasnogvardeets ", njl njl., Ukuvakaliswa kweengoma" Ngaphantsi kwelabafileyo "kunye" Ukulungela " ", I-Rhetorical masterpiece" Northeast "kunye neminye imisebenzi).

Amanqaku malunga nobugcisa kunye nokudweba

Emva kwenguqulelo, umsebenzi wakhe njengomgxeki wobugcisa wayeka. Nangona kunjalo, uMaximilian wakwazi ukupapasha amanqaku angama-34 ngobugcisa obuhle baseRussia, kunye namaqaku angama-37 e-French art. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala, ozinikezelwe kwiSurikov, ugcine ukubaluleka kwawo. Incwadi ethi "uMoya weGothic" yahlala ingagqibekanga. Ngaphezu kwayo, uMaximilian wasebenza ngo-1912 no-1913.

UVoloshin wathatha ukudweba ukuze agwebe ngobugcisa malunga nobugcisa obuhle. Njengoko kwavela, wayengumculi onobuchule. Iimfumba zeCrimea ezihlambulukileyo, ezenziwe ngombhalo wokubhaliweyo, zaba yinto ethanda kakhulu. Ngo-1932 (Agasti 11) uMaximilian Voloshin wasweleka eKoktebel. I-biografi emfutshane ngaye inokuxhaswa ngolwazi ngobomi bakhe, izinto ezithakazelisayo apho sinikezela ngezantsi.

Ubungqina obunomdla obuvela kubomi bobuqu bukaVoloshin

I-duel yaseVoloshin kunye neNikola Gumilev yenzeke kuMlambo oMnyama, kanye apho uDantes aphelelwa khona ePushkin. Kwenzeke iminyaka engama-72 kamva kwaye ngenxa yowesifazane. Nangona kunjalo, ikusasa ligcinwe iimbongi ezimbini ezidumileyo, ezifana noGumilev Nikolai Stepanovich kunye noVoloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich. Umbongi, onesithombe esichazwe ngezantsi, nguNikolai Gumilev.

Baye babetha ngenxa kaLisa Dmitrieva. Wafunda izifundo ze-Old Old and Old French izincwadi e-Sorbonne. Owokuqala ukubamba le ntombazana yayinguGumilev. Wamzisa ekutyelele iVoloshin eKoktebel. Wamkhohlisa intombazana. U-Nikolai Gumilev washiya, kuba wayeziva engadingekile. Nangona kunjalo, eli bali lilandela ixesha elifutshane kwaye lenze ukuba kubekho i-duel. Inkundla yamgweba uGumilyov kwiveki yokubanjwa, kunye noVoloshin - omnye usuku.

Umfazi wokuqala kaMaximilian Voloshin nguMargarita Sabashnikova. Ngaloo nto, waya kwiintetho kwiS Sorbonne. Lo mtshato, ngokukhawuleza, wabuya wahlukana - intombazana yayithandana noVyacheslav Ivanov. Umfazi wakhe wamema uSabashnikova ukuba ahlale kunye. Nangona kunjalo, intsapho "uhlobo olutsha" aluzange lusebenze. Umfazi wakhe wesibini wayengumcebisi kaMary Stepanova (ochazwe ngasentla), owawunakekela umama osekhulile waseMaximilian.