Euphemisms: imizekelo. Euphemisms e kwintetho yanamhlanje Russian

Igama elithi "uchasaniso" livela entsonkothileyo elithi, ezibandakanya amagama amabini: "ezilungileyo" "kuthetha". Kuyinto stylistically amabinzana cala okanye amagama asetyenziswa kuthi endaweni iyunithi yeelwimi, leyo kuyahambisana, ethe isithethi krwada, makhuba okanye olungafanelekanga. Euphemisms, imizekelo apho esilishumayelayo kweli nqaku, ngokufuthi ukuwafihla kakuhle isenzeko, zizigquma oko, umzekelo: sebenzisa endaweni "ukufa" - "ukufa" endaweni "yobuxoki '-' athethe inyaniso ', ukutshintshwa ibinzana elithi" ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, "" ixabiso lokukhululwa " . Sinokuthi malunga ezabo atom, esebenzisa igama elithi "imveliso".

Le lokungazinzi yembali euphemisms

Euphemisms, ngokuchaseneyo Lexicon eqhelekileyo, ziyivela kakhulu uqikelelo iziganeko ezahlukeneyo zoluntu njengoko "esingafanelekanga" okanye "ephucukileyo". Oku kucacisa ukungabikho kozinzo yembali ichibi isigama: yintoni enye isizukulwana kubonakala igama euphemistic, oku kulandelayo zingathathwa njengezingekho-mthethweni kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo krwada, befuna, yena, replacement euphemistic. Ngokomzekelo, imbali yamagama French kunye garce fille. Kumaxesha amandulo, intloko kuphela gars ezifanayo nemazi, emele "inkwenkwe, inkwenkwe", emva koko - ekhutshelw- elithi "ihenyukazi", kodwa kungekudala ndaqonda ukuba krwada yaye zathathelwa indawo kulo msebenzi, le fille igama (elinye lamaxabiso), mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, , ngolwimi French namhlanje wayengasenguye kwebambela kwaye isetyenziswa ekufungeni. euphemisms olunjalo intetho eqhelekileyo ngeelwimi ezininzi.

Ipateni efanayo liyasetyenziswa kwimbali imiqondiso kolu luvo phakathi kwabona. Ngokomzekelo, igama Russian for "ihenyukazi" (thelekisa kwakhona Belarusian, Ukrainian kunye Bulgarian "henyukazi", kurva Czech, IsiPolish kurwa) kwakuthetha ekuqaleni "inkuku", yaye emva koko waqalisa ukuba isetyenziswe uchasaniso amagama ukrwada ngaphakathi intsingiselo abafazi zitshawula (thelekisa cocotte French - kuqala " inkukhu "yaye" ho "). Kukho kwakhona ezifanayo euphemisms IsiNgesi.

Ulwalamano kwezinye iindlela zentetho

Ngenxa periphrastic indlela, ongangqalanga ngaxeshanye okuthambisa izihionipho iimpawu into okanye isenzo, bathi nabo kwezinye iindlela intetho, ingakumbi litotes noko bendiqonda indlela yokuthetha, isiseko apho ngu thabatha kabini ( "hayi ngabom" "nebesspornoy" ) okanye offset ukwalela inxenye of modus kweengxelo affirmative ( "Andiqondi ukuba ekunene" - cf:. "Ndicinga ukuba engalunganga"), kunye nezinye iindlela - meiosis - ubuchule yokuthetha, undoqo apho - ngabom wehlisa Institute .. iimpawu Ensivnosti ezahlukeneyo isifundo yokuthetha, iinkqubo, izenzo, njl ( "Kunzima ukubiza smart" - kukho mfazi usileyo, "Yena luphinde ludubuleke pretty kakuhle" - ulwalathiso elungileyo).

Unxibelelwano kunye nefom yokutyumba

inkqubo Evfemizatsii abe nolwalamano olusondeleyo kunye nezinye - yokutyumba. Le yenye nesenzeko ezintathu ezibalulekileyo abumba yabantu msebenzi intetho (ezinye ezimbini - evaluation kunye predication). Ngokutsho yenkcubeko, unobuntu, ngokwasengqondweni okanye ezinye izizathu ezaziwayo nzima okanye hayi kwaphela ezaziwayo izinto zifuna isiqu euphemistic. Amagama hlaziyo kuba imfuneko sigubungele okanye ukuthambisa kwakhona kwaye kwakhona kakuhle oko kuthathwa esingafanelekanga, abayithandi ekuhlaleni yenkcubeko. Kukho, ingakumbi euphemisms, ezopolitiko, umzekelo esiye sele unike (ukutshintshwa ibinzana elithi "ukwanda kwamaxabiso," "ixabiso nokuvulwa kwayo"). Ungafumana eziliqela kwabanye.

Ingakumbi euphemisms

Euphemisms, imizekelo ka ezinkulu, zibe ezichaphazela zabo. Ubonakala kubume yeelwimi ziziphi izifundo ezininzi amaninzi phantsi kule nkqubo, iinkalo ukusetyenziswa amazwi kwiintlobo asethi kunye neendlela ngazo ukuba sidalwe ngolwimi uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo enikwa yinkampani kwezinye euphemisms .

Eli uchasaniso

inkqubo Evfemizatsii kubalulekile alandelayo amanqaku zidweliswe apha ngezantsi:

1. Zokufaneleka ukuba isithethi uvelisa into yokuthetha hlobo, isalathiso ngqo apho ingabonwa (in nola ethile okanye imeko yentlalo) njengoko ukungafaneleki, kabukhali, uburhabaxa, njalo-njalo. D.
2. Ukukhethwa iimpawu ezinjalo, singabhenqwanga, tifihla undoqo le meko, yaye hayi nje indlela ukuthambisa amazwi akhe. Ingakumbi ngokucacileyo kubonakala kumzekelo euphemisms zonyango ezingacacanga semantically, umz, "neoplasm 'endaweni yegama elithi" ithumba "okanye ngokuboleka kwezinye iilwimi (kwaye uninzi ngoko awucacanga ngokupheleleyo) - igama ezifana" pediculosis "endaweni Russian" ziintwala ", okanye ezinye euphemisms ngolwimi Russian, imizekelo apho unako kwandiswa.
3. Ukusetyenziswa yokuthetha ixhomekeke kwiimeko kunye nomxholo: lowo ulawulo ekuhlaleni kukho imeko intetho kunye nokuzeyisa yokuthetha ekhuluma umbodamo, kokukhona Kungenzeka ukuvela euphemisms. Kwelinye icala, kwiimeko apho ilawulwa kakuhle, kukho automatism yalo phezulu (ukuchitha nabahlobo, usapho, njalo njalo. N.). Euphemisms, imizekelo apho siye sikunike ukuze kufakwe "ngqo" isiqu lithetha.

iinjongo ngokufakwa euphemisms intetho

1. Eyona njongo ephambili esukelwa ngokusebenzisa amagama afana esithi - umnqweno ukuthintela ukubethabethana zonxibelelwano, ukudala imeko apho caller akayi azive engonwabanga. Ekulandeleni le njongo euphemisms kwifomu "athambe", xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ukutyunjwa, ebizwa ngokuba intshukumo impahla into. Ngokomzekelo, abe lilalela elithi "abengevayo" "nzima ngeendlebe" kunokuba "imfama" - "iimfama", endaweni yokuba 'ubuxoki "okanye" ukuxoka "-" hayi oyinyaniso ", igama elithi" enxilile "sekuba" enxilile "," amafutha " - "ngokupheleleyo", njalo-njalo .. A uchasaniso ngokuqhelekileyo loo nkcazelo ayikho nzima kakhulu, kuba loo nto ungaziva, kule meko ivumela sikwazi ukunxibelelana ngaphandle ubuhlungu.
2. Ukuzifihla, veiling ekuhlengahlengiseni - Omnye njongo ibalulekileyo, nto leyo zisetyenziswa yaye ezi indawo. Oku eqhelekileyo ukuba uluntu yileyo, okuye ntoni, umzekelo, iRashiya de kube sekupheleni-1980. Imizekelo zigqutyuthelwe amabinzana euphemistic ezifihla interlocutor angazithandiyo izenzo kunye mabinzana: endaweni elithi "entolongweni" - "iziko", "ungcothoza" - "kakuhle ubonge", kwakunye noqeqesho eliqela nje inxalenye yokuqala morpheme elithi "spets" (kwamanye amazwe ezizodwa, anokuvela ezizodwa, spetspoliklinika, Branch Special, spetsraspredeliteli, spetskhran kunye nabanye), "elawula okanye ummiselo kwamaxabiso" (elithetha okunene ukhulisa kubo), "amanyathelo ezingathandwa" (nokunyuka kwerhafu, umzekelo) kunye nezinye euphemisms ezinjalo. Imizekelo yalo magama kwaye kungenza nezinye. In Russian, ezi izibini kakhulu ezimbalwa.
3. Yiloo nto zonke iimeko xa uchasaniso zingasetyenziswa. Ingcaciso ye yokugqibela, owesithathu, ityala ngokufunda nje, nangona kunjalo, yaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ndiyaqikelela. Euphemisms ezinokusetyenziselwa injongo ngokungabaxeleli kwabanye ukuba isithethi inqwenela ukwazisa kwindawo ethile. Kakade ke, lo "elizinyelisiweyo" lilinganiselwe, ngokukhawuleza kuyacaca, ingakumbi xa imiyalezo apapashwa, kwaye ayiqukethanga imbalelwano amaqela amabini, yaye ngaloo ndlela zifumaneka ukulungiselela utoliko nayiphi kumphulaphuli okanye kumfundi. Umzekelo, ukuba ekuso beposi phephandaba, umxholo apho - ummandla exchange yokuhlala ( "Ndaba indawo enamagumbi amabini kwi-gumbi ezintathu wemvumelwano"), ukuqeshwa ( "intombi ayithandayo ngaphandle kwizakhiwo ngokuhlawula imisebenzi"), njl Ixabiso euphemisms, ukuze bangenzi. kungajongelwa phantsi.

Sphere nemisonto evfemizatsii

Ukuhlola amazwi athetha Akufuni / ubukrwada, nokuhlonipheka / ngamanyala ngengcamango sasijoliswe kwiinkalo ezithile kunye nemixholo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu (ngokunjalo ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu). ngokwemveli Bona zithathwa ukuba iya kuba yile ilandelayo:

1. States nokomzimba ezithile kunye neenkqubo ( "impumlo ezikhululekileyo" endaweni "ukuvuthela impumlo yakho," "oluthile" (malunga ixesha menstrual basetyhini), "umntwana elinde" endaweni "zithwele" kunye nabanye.).
2. Ezinxulumene "bottom komzimba" yinxalenye yomzimba - ezi izinto ezinjalo ukuba euphemistic, ngqo isikhundla yabo ubonakala kwintetho yemihla ngemihla ngabathethi abaninzi nje hayi ncam onesidima (umzekelo, isitsotsi kunye namagama wayelapha emhlabeni lobudoda, "intonga", "isixhobo", "isixhobo "et al.).
3. Ubudlelane phakathi kwezini, "ukuba unxibelelwano olusondeleyo" kwakunye zabantu ukuze 'ihlangane ", oko kukuthi abe" neentlobano zesini ", njl ...
4. Ukufa kunye nezifo: endaweni "sick" - "va" endaweni "IGcushuwa" - "impumlo esihambisayo French", igama elithi "umfi" endaweni yokuthi "abafileyo" kunye nabanye.

Eso uchasaniso - ntonye ilizwi, kodwa a shades ethile lwesemantiki intsingiselo. Izihloko nakubungakanani ukusebenzisa kwabo, njengokuba ubona, baninzi kakhulu.

Euphemisms kwisicatshulwa kunye nentetho

Xa euphemisms yombhalo, imizekelo apho kuboniswa kuthi rhoqo zabelwe nge kuchaphulo olu phindwe kwaye ikhatshwe izimvo ezahlukeneyo metalinguistic. Umbhali uyakwazi elubala amagama akabakhokela kwimigca ngaxeshanye. Le ntetho euphemisms kwakhona imele enye indlela yokubhala. Amvumela ukuba asebenzise intetho ethetha, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, isigqubuthelo Wayiqwebela iinjongo zabo, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukuthintela ukubethabethana zonxibelelwano kunokwenzeka ukuba ezinokuvela yokutyumba ngokukhawuleza iindidi izenzo, izinto kunye neempawu.

Uchasaniso watshintsha dysphemism

Culture of intetho Russian ayiphelelanga ukusetyenziswa euphemisms. Ngaphandle kwezi, kukho dysphemism - loo nto uphawulo amagama ekuqaleni cala ezingcolileyo okanye krwada ukuze anike yokugqibela intsingiselo kakubi, okanye nje kusetyenziselwa ukuphucula imizwa kwintetho. Ngokomzekelo, endaweni yokuba ukusetyenziswa "ukufa" elithi "ukufa", yaye endaweni "umntu" - "ekhaleni" kunye nabanye.

Dysphemism kunye kakofemizm

Eli gama lisetyenziswa ngamanye amaxesha-ntonye enye ingcamango - "kakofemizm". ukusebenzisa kwabo, kunjalo, kufuneka mazingapheleli ukungaphucuki kunye krwada. Xa kwiinkcubeko zemveli (umzekelo, Asian) dysphemism eqhelekileyo kwintetho kunokuba ngokubanzi ukuze uphephe iliso ububi: abasetyhini, abantwana okanye izinto ezixabisekileyo. Amaxesha amaninzi, utshintsho olunjalo ukusetyenziswa yomda ekufihleni ekhoyo phakathi self-ngokuthotywa athobekile kwaye neenkolelo.

Siye sahlolisisa izinto ezifana uchasaniso Myung dysphemism kunye kakofemizm. Baya kuma izinto kunye neziganeko zisetyenziswa ngamnye kuthi iintetho, sikwenza oko ngaphandle nezona. Ngoku uyazi ukuba kubiza ulwimi Russian ezinjalo kwabadlali, futhi uya kuba nako ukusebenzisa ngakumbi uzenze.