Uvavanyo cuke emalunga nge welding, kunye neendlela zobugcisa yolawulo

Akukho phantse akukho shishino, zazingathandanga ukuba wenziwe umsebenzi welding. Uninzi kwezakhiwo yentsimbi ziyaxhonywa zize amaqhina oqhagamshelwano yi welds. Kakade ke, umgangatho umsebenzi onjalo elizayo kuxhomekeke kungekuphela ukuthembeka izakhiwo zakhiwe, izakhiwo, oomatshini okanye nayiphi iyunithi, kodwa kwakhona ukhuseleko abantu ngandlel 'ithile ukunxibelelana nala zilungiso. Ngoko ke, ukuqinisekisa inqanaba ngokwaneleyo ukusebenza kwezi imisebenzi isicelo welds cuke, apho umntu ukubona ubukho okanye ukungabikho iziphene ezahlukeneyo kuhlangana khona iimveliso yesinyithi. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela phambili lolawulo eza kuxutyushwa kwinqaku lethu.

Imbali ingenzeka

Cuke uvavanyo hlobo yaphuhliswa 30. Nangona kunjalo, lo isixhobo kokwenyani yokuqala wazalwa ngo-1945, enkosi Sperry Products yenkampani. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ezayo, ubugcisa ulawulo yakutshanje kuye amkelwa ehlabathini lonke, landa kakhulu inani kubavelisi eso sixhobo.

Cuke isici kakutsha, ixabiso apho namhlanje uqala wesizalo cleaner ukusuka 100000 -130000 amawaka, ekuqaleni kuhlala eziqulathwe. izixhobo ezinjalo badla ubunzima ngumsina kwaye inzima. Benza kuphela izinto ngamandla ne AC. Kodwa 60s, kunye nesiqalo nokufika leesekethe semiconductor isiphako lancipha kakhulu ngobukhulu yaye bakwazi ukuqhuba neebhetri ekugqibeleni uvunyelwe ukusebenzisa ifowuni nkqu endle.

Inyathelo kuxhoba aye digital

Kumanqanaba okuqala yamacebo ezichazwe usebenzisa i processing uphawu analog, ngenxa kuyo, njengamanye izixhobo ezininzi ezifana isengozini ukukhukulisekela ngexesha ekulinganisweni. Kodwa sele ngo-1984 inkampani Panametrics wanikela isiqalo ebomini lokuqala ephathwayo obubangela yedijithali kakutsha ekuthiwa elithile 2002. Ukususela ngoko, iiyunithi digital ziye izixhobo oluthembekileyo kakhulu, ngokubonelela kuhle uzinzo eyimfuneko zomlinganiselo. Cuke isici kakutsha, ixabiso elandelwayo exhomekeke yokusebenza kwayo uphawu yomvelisi, wafumana data ngokungena umsebenzi kunye nesakhono ukuze adlulisele readings kwi-PC.

Xa iimeko mihla, iinkqubo ngakumbi nangakumbi umdla uluhlu ngezigaba, esebenzisa multi-element izinto ezintsonkothileyo iteknoloji-based piezoelectric ezingenisa rays ngqo yaye kunika umfanekiso ezinqamlezayo, ezifana ultrasound zonyango imifanekiso.

scope

indlela ulawulo cuke lisetyenziswa kulo naliphi icala kushishino. ukusetyenziswa kwayo iye yabonisa ukuba lwenziwe ngokukuko ngokulinganayo kuhlolwa phantse kuzo zonke iintlobo amalungu welding kulwakhiwo, apho kufuneka ububanzi Metal welding of milimitha ngaphezulu kwe-4. Ngaphezu koko, indlela ngokubanzi kusetyenziselwa uvavanyo amalungu uqhagamshelwano igesi kunye neoli imibhobho, namanzi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo hydraulic. Yaye kwiimeko ezifana amalungu yolawulo elikhulu ubukhulu ngenxa electroslag welding, ukuhlolwa cuke - indlela kuphela eyamkelekileyo yolawulo.

Isigqibo sokugqibela malunga nokuba ngaba umba okufanelekileyo okanye weld nokusebenza unokwenziwa usekelwe lwezibonisi ezintathu ezibalulekileyo (criteria) - le awo lemvelaphi, ubukhulu eziqhelekileyo.

Ekuhlolweni cuke jikelele - ngaba indlela leyo elinemveliso kakhulu ngokubhekiselele umfanekiso oyinxalenye ngexesha ukufunda umthungo (Iinkcukacha).

izizathu bafuna

Le ndlela echazwe ulawulo usebenzisa ultrasound okulungileyo ukuba sele uvakalelo oluphezulu kakhulu kunye nokuchaneka ufundo ngexesha ekufumanekeni yeziphene ezifana iintanda, ixabiso eliphantsi kunye nokhuseleko phezulu ngexesha ukusetyenziswa xa kuthelekiswa neendlela eziqhelekileyo radiographic. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uvavanyo cuke of welds esetyenziswa 70-80% yamatyala zeetshekhi.

transducers abaphucuke

Ngaphandle ekusetyenzisweni kwezi zixhobo yi uvavanyo cuke ezingezo-etshabalalisayo nje nokuyicinga. Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha obu excitation nokufumana intlokoma cuke.

Le yunithi ezahlukeneyo zahlulwa kwi:

• A indlela yokwenza ukuqhagamshelana imveliso uvavanyo.
• A indlela odibanisa izinto piezoelectric kwi iintambo kwisazobe obubangela kunye dislocation i electrode xa kuthelekiswa kwi piezo-element.
• Acoustic yoqhelwaniso xa kuthelekiswa ngaphezulu.
• Eli linani leziqalelo piezoelectric (single, kabini, multi-element).
• Ububanzi njalo yokusebenza band (narrowband - bandwidth of ilizwi ngaphantsi kwesinye, wideband - bandwidth ngaphezu wenowuthi enye).

iimpawu walinganisa iziphene

Kwihlabathi yobugcisa kunye noshishino yonke ikhokelela Standard. uvavanyo cuke (GOST 14782-86) kule nkalo kungekho ngaphandle. Umgangatho imisela ukuba iziphene zibalwa yi parameters zilandelayo:

• Ezilinganayo ukuya kwindawo siphene.
• Le awo yomqondiso echo, efunyaniswa kuqwalaselwa umgama ukuya siphene.
• Uququzelelo kule isiphene kwindawo iwelding.
• ubukhulu engephi.
• umgama olunemiqathango phakathi iziphene.
• Inani iziphene ngobude ekhethiweyo weld okanye entlanganweni.

nokuxhatshazwa tshin iphutha

uvavanyo Nondestructive, nto leyo ubuchule cuke iye ukusetyenziswa yaso, ocacisa ukuba main imilinganiselo parameter - ke awo ze intlokoma efunyenwe siphene ngqo. Ukuze umahluko echo awo inkulu ke ngoko esisigxina ngokuba ubuntununtunu ukwaliwa. Yena, ke, silungiselelwe kusetyenziswa iisampula esemgangathweni kwamashishini (SOP).

Ukufumana uqalo ukushiyeka lukhatshwa ekutshoneni kwalo. Ngokuba lo ubuntununtunu mboniso ukwaliwa. Emva koko, kule inkqubo eqhutywa ultrasound ithelekisa ifunyenwe intlokoma ukusuka isiphene ibanjiwe kunye kwinqanaba elimiselweyo ukulahlwa. Ukuba namandla awo elilinganiselweyo mkhulu inqanaba ukwamkeleka, iingcali isigqibo ukuba kukho isiphako abungebi yiyo inene. Emva koko ke omhlophe okanye imveliso yanto, wathumela umva ukuba uhlaziyo.

Eyona iziphene ixhaphakileyo imiphezulu welding zezi: ukunqongophala fusion, umthondo engaphelelanga, ngokuhlaziya, porosity, inclusions zeBlack. Kuyinto le iintshukumo zokwaphulwa kwemithetho ngempumelelo ichaza uhlolo usebenzisa ultrasound.

Khetha izifundo ultrasound

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkqubo yokungqinisisa ifumene iindlela ezininzi ezisebenzayo ukulungiselela ukufunda amalungu welding. uvavanyo cuke inika eziliqela iinketho phantsi ingqalelo izifundo ive kwezakhiwo yentsimbi, kodwa ethandwa kakhulu safunyanwa:

• indlela echo.
• Shadow.
• indlela Mirror-isithunzi.
• isibuko echo.
• Delta indlela.

inombolo Indlela enye

Amaninzi kolu shishino kunye noololiwe basebenzisa indlela ukubetha echo. Kungenxa yokuba banesifo ngaphezu kwe-90% ye-unesiphako, leyo kwenzeka ngenxa urekhodisho kunye nohlahlelo phantse yonke imiyalezo kuboniswe siphene komhlaba.

Ngokwawo, le ndlela isekelwe phezu yixina iimveliso metal la mandla intlokoma cuke nobhaliso lwabo ezilandelayo.

Izinto eziluncedo yale ndlela zezi:

- ithuba lokufikelela indlela enye ukuya kwimveliso;

- uvakalelo ngokwanelisayo eliphezulu iziphene zangaphakathi;

- ua yokuchaneka liphezulu siphene elibhaqiweyo.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho ethile, kuquka:

- ukumelana phantsi kuphazamiseko kugqame komhlaba;

- ukuxhomekeka elinqatyisiweyo awo uphawu ukusuka kwindawo isiphako.

lokuhlolwa ochazwe kuthetha yi ipasile kwimveliso somfumani pulses cuke. Ukwamkela uphawu impendulo kwenzeka ukuba qha efanayo okanye yesibini. Uphawu kufuneka ziboniswe kwi iziphene kwaye kumphezulu icala iimveliso inxalenye (fashion) ngqo.

indlela isithunzi

Oku kusekelwe uhlolo oluneenkcukacha lwe awo wentshukumo cuke ezosulela ukusuka samaza ukuya receiver. Kwimeko apho kukho ukwehla kule salathisi, libonisa phambi yomonakalo. Okuya uba mkhulu umsantsa ubungakanani unesiphako uya kuba incinane awo yomqondiso ezifunyenwe receiver. Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluchanekileyo kufuneka zibekwe coaxially emitter kwaye ufumana kumacala ahlukeneyo test into. Ububi le lweThekhinoloji kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubuntununtunu eliphantsi xa kuthelekiswa indlela echo nokuntsonkotha yokuqhelaniswa nezifundo probe (piezoelectric transducer) xa kuthelekiswa ray central umfuziselo yemisebe. Noko ke, kukho izinto eziluncedo emide resistance kuphazamiseko, libya uphawu awo, kuxhomekeka kwindawo siphene, akukho ummandla efile.

indlela Mirror-isithunzi

Le cuke idla ngokusetyenziswa iliso nolawulo lomgangatho welding kunye kwamalungu unyanzeliso. Uphawu olungundoqo lokwakhiwa isiphene wabonakala, lo eziphango le awo umqondiso, kubonakala ukusuka kumphezulu malunga (idla ngokuba ezantsi). Eyona Okuhle kule ndlela - a ubhaqo ecacileyo yeziphene ezahlukeneyo, dislocation yona ingcambu weld. Kwakhona, indlela luphawulwa ithuba lokufikelela indlela enye ukuya omhlophe okanye iinkcukacha.

Echo-mirror indlela

Uhlobo isebenzayo nkqo amalungiselelo iziphene uzingela. Ukukhangela lwenziwa ngendlela ixhokonxa ezimbini iyileyo ihamba ecaleni kumphezulu kufuphi nokuhlangana kwayo, kwelinye icala. Ngaloo intshukumo yayo lwenziwa ngendlela efana ukulungisa umqondiso uphenyo yemisebe kwenye probe kunye kabini ziboniswe onesiphene ekhoyo.

Inzuzo ephambili kwindlela: ukuba zingasetyenziswa ukuvavanya iziphene imilo, ubukhulu amakhulu-3 mm, kwaye baphambuke yi ngaphezu kweqondo lama-10-moya nkqo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukusebenzisa AEDs ngovelwano efanayo. Loo khetho ngenkuthalo kusetyenziswa ultrasound ukukhangela iimveliso zamafu-enqatyisiweyo, welds zabo.

indlela Delta

Uthe uvavanyo cuke of welds isebenzisa cuke amandla siphene reradiated. wave ezinqamlezayo, lowo uwe phezu siphene, isipili ngokuyinxenye yabonisa, ngokomkhethe iguqulwe ibe longitudinal nokuphinda likhupha igagasi diffracted. Ngenxa yoko bamba lencinibakazi probe oyifunayo. A engxakini indlela nga kuthathelwa ingqalelo kuyitshayela umthungo kunokuba ukuntsonkotha aphezulu zokucazulula lwemiqondiso ezifunyenwe ngethuba ulawulo amalungu welding, ukuya Ebubanzini ngemilimitha-15.

Izinto eziluncedo ze ultrasound kunye ubuqili isicelo yayo

eliphezulu welds rhoqo yophando kunye nesandi - kukuthi, enyanisweni, uvavanyo non-entshabalalo, ngokuba le ndlela akanako esingenakubangela naliphi na umonakalo kwiindawo zovavanyo imveliso, kodwa ngokuchanileyo ibhaqa ubukho iziphene. Kwakhona, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka iindleko sezantsi kwesikhundla imisebenzi kunye yamendu azo uphumezo eliphezulu. Kuyinto ebalulekileyo ngokunjalo ukuba ndlela kukhuselekile ngokupheleleyo impilo yabantu. Zonke izinyithi izifundo kunye welds yenziwa ngokwesiseko ultrasound kuluhlu ukususela 0.5 MHz ukuya 10 MHz. Kwezinye iimeko, kunokuba enze imisebenzi usebenzisa amaza cuke ukuba rhoqo 20 MHz.

Uhlalutyo ultrasonically weld kufuneka kunyanzeleka ukuba akhatshwe isethi yonke amanyathelo zokuzilungiselela, ezifana wokucoca okanye umphezulu lovavanyo weld, esebenzisa inxalenye ezilawulwa ulwelo ezithile zoqhagamshelwano (babe- iinjongo ezizodwa, glycerin, ioli umatshini). Konke oku kwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudibana ive efanelekileyo isitali, leyo ekugqibeleni sinika umfanekiso efunekayo kwisixhobo.

Ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa, nezingeloncedo

uvavanyo cuke akunakwenzeka kakhulu ukuba ukusebenzisa ukuze uhlolo ukuwelda iikhompawundi zesinyithi ukuba isakhiwo erhabaxa (umz, uphose intsimbi okanye weld austenitic kunye ubukhulu mkhulu kuno-60 eemilimitha). Kwaye ngenxa kwiimeko ezinjalo kukho ilula nkcithakalo esomeleleyo eziphango of ultrasound.

Kwakhona, akukho akukwazeki ukuba elichaza ngokupheleleyo siphene eziqhitsini ibhaqe (Tungsten ukubandakanywa, kwaye al zeBlack ukubandakanywa.).