Insimbi Iqela platinum: uphononongo kuluhlu, iimpahla kunye nezicelo

Platinum iintsimbi group - ezindilekileyo izinto ezixabisekileyo imichiza zithandathu juxtaposed kwi lwezakhi. Bonke iintsimbi Incedisa amaqela 5-6, 8-10 xesha.

Platinum Group Metals: Uluhlu

Iqela iqulathe imichiza ulandelayo ezintandathu amalungiselelo ukuze ukwandisa weight atomic:

• Ru - ruthenium.
• RH - Rhodium.
• PD - mbala.
• Os - os.
• Ir - iridium.
• Pt - platinum.

iintsimbi iqela Platinum abe nombala ubuhle-emhlophe, ngaphandle osmium, apho umbala oluhlaza namhlophe. ukuziphatha kwabo chemical ngamazwi kwi ukuba linamandla kakhulu ukuba wezenzi ezininzi, kodwa zisetyenziswa zokuthundeza okanye nokukhawulezisa lula ukulawula izinga igcwala, unciphiso kunye hydrogenation ngayo.

Ruthenium kunye osmium ukuba acacisa kwinkqubo close kubhula amathandathu, ngoxa abanye isakhiwo cc ubuso-wedwa. Oku kuboniswa yobulukhuni enkulu ruthenium kunye osmium.

History of izovela

Nangona ezenziwe platinum-igolide yomhla 700 BC. e., lobukho metal ibe kunokuba ngengozi kunokuba njalo. I-bamaKatolika kwinkulungwane XVI, okhankanywe iingqalutye zamahlathi ezingwevu ezinxulumene iidipozithi ngegolide nezikhukhula. La matye ayikwazi zanyibilika, kodwa uzakhela intsila ngegolide, lo bullion uba nkum, yaye kwaba nzima ukuba ukucoca. Stones waqala ukubiza platina del Pinto - zithutha kwemathiriyeli yesilivere Pinto River, isebe umlambo San Juan e Colombia.

platinum oluthambileyo, leyo zingafumaneka kuphela emva kokuba ukucoca metal epheleleyo, sathathwa yi-French yamachiza Shaba ngo ka1789. Ukusuka kwenziwe indebe, wanika nguPopu Pius VI. Ngomhla ukuvulwa palladium ngo-1802, wathi usomachiza IsiNgesi uWilliam Wollaston, ngubani igama chemical. platinum-iqela metal element emva eli litye. Wollaston kamva wathi kokufunyanwa enye into ekhoyo platinum ekrwada. It wabiza rhodium ngenxa umbala elipinki le iityuwa yesinyithi. Ivula iridium (igama emva isithixokazi yomnyama Iris ngenxa zinaso neetyuwa ayo) kunye osmium (lithatyathwa kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'ivumba "ngenxa wechlorine ivumba oxide yayo aziphethe) yenziwa yi-yasekhemesti British Smithson Tennant ngo-1803. izazinzulu French Hippolyte Victor Collet-Deskoti, Antoine-Fransua Furkrua, kunye Nicolas-Lui Voklen ichonge iintsimbi ezimbini ngaxeshanye. Ruthenium, elahliwe kwaye ezichongwe yi-element yokugqibela igama layo lesiLatini igama Russian le yasekhemesti Russian Karl Karlovich uKlaus ngo-1844.

Ngokungafaniyo lula ezinjalo abahlukunyezwa agents yokucokisa ngomlilo ezilula ezifana negolide, ukwimeko ecocekileyo noko isilivere nesinyithi kwiqela platinum i kufuna unyango yemichiza zolwelo entsonkothileyo. Ezi ndlela zazingafumaneki de kwenkulungwane ye-19, ngoko ke ukuchongwa bodwa yeqela platinum kwasilela emva isilivere negolide kangangamawaka eminyaka. Ukongeza, indawo yokunyibilika eliphezulu lwezi methali inoqingqo ukusetyenziswa kwazo de abaphandi baseBritani, eFransi, Germany kunye iRussia ziye iindlela sokujika platinum kwifomu efanelekileyo ukuze iqwalaselwe. Njengoko amatye anqabileyo yeqela platinum i baqalisa kusetyenziswa izivatho ukususela 1900. Nangona le ukuyisebenzisa esasebenza namhlanje, enkulu mveliso layo ngaphaya. Mbala sele izinto ethandwa kakhulu kubafowunelwa kwiinkqubo relay yomnxeba kunye nezinye zonxibelelwano engenazingcingo, ukuqinisekisa ubomi obude inkonzo nokuthembeka ophezulu, kunye platinum, ngenxa yokunganyangeki wayo kutsaleleka ukhukuliseko, ngexesha Second World War waqalisa kusetyenziswa yintlantsi Imigudu ukulwa moya.

Emva kokuba imfazwe iindlela ukuguqulwa ulwandiso eziphilayo yokucokisa petroleum idale imfuneko enkulu kwiipropati zokuphosa, ophethwe isinyithi kwiqela platinum le. Ngu 1970, ukusetyenziswa liye lenyuka ngakumbi xa ezikhutshwayo imoto imigangatho kwi-US nakumanye amazwe kukhokelele ekusetyenzisweni kwezi khemikhali kwi ukuguquka ekujonganeni weegesi zeemoto.

ore

Ngaphandle iidipozithi ezincinane nezikhukhula ye platinum, palladium kunye umHleli weeMpawu (i intsila of iridium kunye osmium), phantse akukho esikrwada, abathe bona baba enkulu icandelo imichiza element - a metal iqela platinum. Minerals akholisa equlethwe sisimbiwa emanzini, ingakumbi pentlandite (Ni, Fe) ₉ S _8. Eyona laurite eqhelekileyo uYayiro _2, irarsite, (Ir, Ru, RH, Pt) esile, umHleli weeMpawu (Ir, os), cooperite, (nqaku) kunye Bragg (Pt, PD) S.

idipozithi wehlabathi inkulu zesinyithi iqela platinum - Kumbindi Mpuma welizwe kwi Mpuma ezintsonkothileyo eMzantsi Afrika. babelawula amakhulu zempahla ekrwada bebekelwa iidipozithi of Sudbury e Canada kunye Norilsk-Talnakh eSiberia. Kwi-US, i iidiphozithi likhulu yezimbiwa iqela platinum ibekwe Stillwater, Montana, kodwa apha ke zincinane kakhulu apha eMzantsi Afrika naseRashiya. ezinkulu nabavelisi platinum bukaThixo eMzantsi Afrika, eRashiya, Zimbabwe kunye Canada.

Mining nokusulungekiswa

yam enkulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye Canadian isetyenziswa indlela imigodi. Phantse zonke iintsimbi iqela platinum kumbiwa ngobhedu okanye nickel emanzini izimbiwa usebenzisa ngokwahlukana ayinto. Ukunyibilika mxube velisa umxube nto zingakhukhuliseka yobhedu nickel sulphide ngendlela esisodwa. Ukuhluzeka kuloko amasalela esiqinileyo iqulathe kwi-15 ukuya kwi-20% iintsimbi iqela platinum.

Ngamanye amaxesha ukuba ayinto usebenzisa ngokwahlukana womxhuzulane. Ngenxa yoko mxube equlathe-50% ye platinum metal, leyo ishenxisa imfuneko ukunyibilikisa.

iipropati mechanical

Insimbi Iqela platinum kukhona kakhulu iipropati ezahlukeneyo ngoomatshini. Platinum kunye palladium abasakwazi ezithambileyo kunye oluthambileyo kakhulu. Ngezi isinyithi kunye aluminium zabo esebenzisekayo zombini ashushu nabandayo. Rhodium iphathwa kuqala nge eshushu, uze emva koko lunokunyangwa yingqele annealing ngokwanelisayo rhoqo. Iridium kunye ruthenium kufuneka kufudunyezwe, ukusebenza ebandayo, ukuba asityhafi kulo.

Osmium - okuqinileyo kwaye iqela ubushushu iphezulu iintsasa, kodwa ukuthambekela kwalo igcwala yokuguga alo. Iridium kakhulu emelana nokudliwa ngumhlwa ye platinum zesinyithi, rhodium wathanda ukuba ukulondolozwa iimpawu zazo kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.

izicelo zezakhiwo

Njengoko platinum ezihlambulukileyo annealed ithambe kakhulu, kuba bangenwe yimikrwelo kunye nomonakalo. Ukwandisa ubulukhuni yayo ihlanganiswa kunye nobuninzi nezinye izinto. Platinum izacholo into ethandwa kakhulu eJapan, apho ibizwa ngokuba "Hackin" yaye "negolide white". Aluminiyamu for isacholo 90% Pt ne-10% PD, ekulula ukuba handle ngelotha. Ukudibanisa ruthenium kuphucula yobulukhuni ingxubevange, lo gama kugcinwe lo ukuxhathisa igcwala. I-aluminiyamu ye platinum, palladium nangobhedu ezisetyenziswa imveliso kwaphunyezwa, ekubeni nzima platinum-mbala kunye ezingabizi.

Crucibles esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ziikristale single kushishino semiconductor ke, kufuna nokumelana kunye nozinzo kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Kuba esi sicelo, oko platinum khulu, platinum-rhodium, kunye iridium. Platinum-rhodium ingxubevange ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa thermocouples okusetyenziselwa umlinganiselo amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ukuya ku 1800 ° C. Mbala isetyenziswa nokuba esulungekileyo okanye uhlobo imigqakhwe izixhobo zombane (50% nokusetyenziswa), e-aluminium zamazinyo (30%). Rhodium, ruthenium kunye osmium akuvamanga kusetyenziswa uhlobo yayo enyulu - bakhonza dopant nabanye iintsimbi iqela platinum.

ehlanganisa

Malunga ne-42% ye platinum ekuveliseni West, olusetyenziswa kuvala. Kwezi, 90% isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo zeemoto yemoto, apho zithutha eliyinjubaqa okanye honeycombs isale platinum (kunye palladium, kunye rhodium) ukukhuthaza ukuguqulwa hydrocarbon isigodo, carbon monoxide kunye kwenitrojeni kwanasemanzini, icarbon dioxide kunye nitrogen.

An ingxubevange ye platinum ne-10% rhodium ngohlobo lwe-grid metal ebomvu-etshisayo uba ngumnxibelelanisi kwi indlela phakathi ammonia nomoya ukuvelisa kwenitrojeni kunye ne-nitric acid. Xa bondle of ammonia kunye nomxube methane kunokuqulunqwa hydrocyanic acid. Xa esinceda sisulungeke platinum phezu komhlaba granules alumina kwi reactor nto leyo iza zokutshintshwa chain elide iimolekyuli branched yamafutha isoparaffins ezinqwenelwa kwi kumxube ophezulu-octane ipetroli.

Electroplating

Zonke iintsimbi iqela platinum enokusetyenziswa galvanically. Ngenxa yobulukhuni kunye isilungiseleli seglosi ye ukutyabeka amaninzi isicelo rhodium. Nangona ixabiso layo kwi nende ezifanayo ngaphezu platinum loxinano ephantsi evumela ukusetyenziswa ubunzima ngaphantsi ngezinto.

Mbala - metal iqela platinum, nto leyo kulula ukuyisebenzisa ngenxa ukutyabeka. Ngenxa yobugorha ukunyuka eziphathekayo kakhulu. Ruthenium ifumene isicelo kwizixhobo yenzelwe yonyango zochuku ngamandla eliphantsi.

iikhemikali

izakhiwo Organic zesinyithi qela platinum ezifana alkilplatiny kwizakhiwo ezisetyenziswa zokuthundeza kwi polymerization of olefins, imveliso ezinepolypropylene kunye polyethylene, kwakunye igcwala ethylene ukuya acetaldehyde.

iityuwa platinum kuyanda kusetyenziswa umhlaza ichemotherapy. Umzekelo, ukuba yinxalenye iziyobisi ezifana 'Carboplatin "yaye" Cisplatin ". Ruthenium oksayidi camera electrode ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso chlorine kunye sodium chlorate. Rhodium sulfate kunye rhodium phosphate ezisetyenziswa electroplating iibhate.