Uqoqosho loqoqosho loluntu luphuhliso. Uqoqosho loqoqosho loluntu oluphuhlisiweyo: i-pros and cons

Imeko yezoqoqosho engaqinisekanga kweli lizwe kwiminyaka yokuqala yama-60 yekhulu elidlulileyo yenza ukuba kungathandabuzeki malunga nokuphumelela nokuphumelela kolawulo lokunyanzelisa ulawulo phakathi kweenkokheli zombuso. Ngethuba lexesha likaKhrushchev, ingxoxo yaqala ngokushicilelwa kwimidiya malunga nokuvuselelwa kwemveliso emitsha. Ixesha elitsha libonakala kumaphepha abo - "uqoqosho loqoqosho loluntu oluphuhlisiweyo". Ukuguqulwa (itafile ebonisa ukuguqulwa okuphambili, iya kunikwa kamva kwinqaku), lonke alizange lilahle imodeli yomyalelo. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nalokhu, iindlela ezithile zokuzilawula, zazisa kunye nokukhuthaza abavelisi ukuba basebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Masiqhubeke siqwalasela oko uqoqosho lwentlalo yoluntu oluphuhlisiwe lumelele ngokwabo , i- pros and cons cons of the measures taken.

Ukuguqulwa kwezolimo

Ziziphi iimilinganiselo eziye zacinga ukuba uqoqosho lophuhliso loluntu lube lucinga? Ukuguqulwa kwezolimo ikakhulukazi. Isiqalo sazo saziswa ngoMatshi 1965. Iinjongo ezijolise ekuxazululeni iingxaki zoluntu kwidolophana, ukuvelisa izikhuthazo zoqoqosho emsebenzini. Ixabiso lokuthengwa liphakanyisiwe, i-premium ye-50% kwiindleko eziphambili zokuthengiswa kwemveliso kwisicwangciso saziswa. Ngokumalunga nalokhu, utyalo-mali-mali luye landa. Uqoqosho lwezentlalo-ntsapho oluphuhlisiwe kwi-USSR lucetyiswa ukusekwa kwenkqubo yesicwangciso esicwangcisiweyo seminyaka yeshumi. Ukwandisa ukukhuthaza, izithintelo zancitshiswa ekugcinweni kwezicwangciso zenkxaso.

Iingxaki zenguqu

Uqoqosho lwentlalo yoluntu oluphuhlisiweyo luxhomekeke kwiinqonga zokulawula. Amagunya karhulumente aqhubeka nokuzama ukuqinisa indima yabaPhathiswa beZolimo ekulawuleni nasekucwangcisweni kwecandelo lezolimo. Ugxininiso lwafakwa ekunyuseni utyalo-mali nokubhalwa kwamatyala eefama ezihlangeneyo. Inani elikhulu lemali lisetyenziselwe ukuphuhliswa kwecandelo lezolimo. Nangona kunjalo, basebenzise kakhulu ngokungafaniyo. Eminye yemali yayisetyenziselwa ukwakha izakhiwo ezinzima, ukuthenga izixhobo ezixabisa, ukuqhuba iikhemikhali ezingekho embi kunye nokubuyisela umhlaba. Imirholo yemali eqinileyo yafakwa kwiifama ezihlangeneyo. Eyona nto ingundoqo - le ngenye yezona mpumelelo ziphambili kwintlalo yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokusungulwa kwabo, ukuxhomekeka kwabo kuxhomekeke ekuphuhliseni. Yintoni eyiphumo loqoqosho lophuhliso loluntu? Isiphetho sidimaza kakhulu. Ngenxa yesiguqulelo, umsebenzi weefama zaseburhulumenteni kunye neefama ezihlangeneyo zaba zizinzuzo. Kwaphela iminyaka engama-25, phakathi ko-1964 no-1988, kwakukho ukuhla kwehlabathi elilinywayo elingu-hektare ezingama-22. Ukulahleka kwintsebenzo yezolimo kwakuphezulu. Ilahleko kule candelo zivela kwi-20 ukuya kuma-40%. Ilizwe, elinomhlaba omnyama ovuthiweyo, waba ngumthengisi omkhulu wehlabathi kunye nokutya.

Kwicandelo lezoshishino

Uqoqosho lwentlalo-ntsapho ephuhlisiwe kwiinqanaba zokuqala eziphuhliswe ngokuphucula indlela yoqoqosho okanye ukukhuthazwa kwabasebenzi. NgoSeptemba 1965, iinkokeli zohlaziyo lwazama ukuhlanganisa ezi ndlela. Ngoko ke uqale utshintsho kwicandelo lezoshishino. Ngokungafani nezolimo, ukulungiswa akuzange kukwenqabe isiseko soqoqosho lolawulo. Imigaqo ephambili yomsebenzi yayinguqulelo kwiimeko zokucwangcisa kunye nokukhuthaza okunyusa. Uqoqosho loqoqosho lwentlalo lugcinwe lugcina imigangatho eqinile kwimiqulu yemveliso. Ngalokhu, izikhombisi ezintsha zenziwe zijoliswe ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho weempahla. Ukwandisa ukukhuthaza, abavelisi bavunyelwe ukugcina inxalenye yemali ekhoyo ekulahleni kwamashishini. Inzuzo yahlula ibe yimali:

• Ukuzixhasa ngokwasemali kwemveliso.
• Uphuhliso lwezentlalo kunye nezentlalo (ukwakha izindlu zebhodi, iiklabhu, izindlu kunye nokunye).
• Isibonelelo senkcazelo.

Uqoqosho lwezentlalo ephucukileyo lucinga ukuba iisebe zesebe ezicwangcisiweyo zokubuyiselwa aziyi kwenza njengabadala "abalawuli" kodwa njengabacebisi kunye namaqabane amabhizinisi. Baye baququzelele umbutho wemveliso ngokusekelwe kwenkxaso-mali, ngokusekelwe ekuqiniseni uhulumeni, ukuzixhasa ngemali kunye nokwaneliseka. Kwisakhelo semilinganiselo ebandakanya uqoqosho lwezentlalo yoluntu, ukuhlanganiswa kwesicwangciso senkqubo esisodwa kunye nesicwangciso sendawo sasiqwalaselwe. Ngelo xesha, ilungelo lokulungiswa kwezicwangciso ezigqityiweyo imvume ziphethwe kuphela ngamashishini ngokwabo.

Uqoqosho lwezopolitiko eziphuhlisiweyo: ngokufutshane malunga neziphumo zohlaziyo lwezoshishino

Nangona kukho konke ukungqubuzana kunye nokunciphisa, utshintsho lube nomphumo obalulekileyo. Ekupheleni kwesiCwangciso seNyaka yesiThoba esiThombisa, ukususela ngo-1966 ukuya ku-1970, kukho ukunyuka kwimizi-mveliso yee-1.5 ngezihlandlo. Ama-1,900 amashishini amakhulu akhiwe kweli lizwe. Phakathi kwabo, umzekelo, isityalo seVolzhsky eTogliatti. Kodwa ekupheleni kwee-60ties ikhosi yezohlengahlengiso iyancipha. Oku kwavela ngenxa yezizathu ezifanelekileyo. Okokuqala, inani labantu abanamandla liye lahla kakhulu kwilizwe. Ukongezelela, isiseko semveli esisixhobo esiluhlaza sichithwe, i-fossil extraction ekhulile ngokukhawuleza, izixhobo ezingapheliyo ziphelile, iindleko zemikhosi zandile. Kodwa ingxaki ebalulekileyo kukuba umzekelo wezoqoqosho, owawunqabileyo zonke izinto ezintsha, waziphelisa ngokwabo-uphuhliso lungena kwi-inertia ngexesha elithile, kodwa kwixesha elide le nkqubo yayiza kutshabalalisa.

Iingxaki eziphambili

Ukuguqulwa kwamandla kwakha ubunzima abathile. Ngokukodwa, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinkulu zokukhiqiza kwikhokelela ekuhambeni kwamandla kwishishini. Oku, kubangele ukuba kubangele iimveliso ezinobulunga obuphantsi kunye nokungabikho kokukhetha phakathi kwabathengi. Ukuqaliswa kwezibonisi zokuvavanya umgangatho kwintengo yeempahla akuzange kubangele ukuthokoza, kodwa nokunciphisa kakhulu umthamo wemveliso. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ukungabikho kwemveliso. Umthamo wokungeniswa kweemveliso ukuba ishishini lasekhaya alikwazanga ukuvelisa landa ngonyaka.

Ukulondolozwa kolawulo lwezopolitiko

Uqoqosho loqoqosho loluntu luphumele. Yayiyiphi isizathu sale nto? Ngobunkokheli, ubuyisela umbono kaBrezhnev kwingxelo eyenziwe nguKosygin kwi-plenum ngoSeptemba 1965. Kwiingqungquthela ezilawulayo kwakukholelwa ukuba ukuguqulwa kwakuza kubakho nto. Kwaye kwakungekho mfuneko yokutshintshwa, kodwa ukungabikho komnqweno wokusebenza. Ngokwabanye abalobi, bekuyiloo ndlela ebangela ukuba ukungabikho kokuhlaziywa kwenguqu. Kungekudala ukugxininiswa kwatshintshelwe kwizixhobo ezintsha zokuvelisa ezithe zafunyanwa kwintshona yelizwe. Ngelo xesha, kwagqitywa ukuba kulungiswe inkqubo yolawulo lwezoqoqosho. Ngowe-1979, kwenziwa umzamo wokuvuselela le meko ngokuphucula imimandla yezoqoqosho kunye nokuqinisa impembelelo yobuholi benkampani. Kodwa yonke le migudu ayinakuyicombulula iingxaki. Kwiingqungquthela zesigqibo, baqala ukuthetha malunga neenzuzo zokuziphatha eziphathekayo ekukhuthazeni izinto eziphathekayo. Ukuhlawulela iimpazamo ekungaphelelweni kwendlela yoqoqosho, ukukhuphisana kwezenhlalakahle kuvuselelwe. Ngowe-1983, emva kokufa kukaBrezhnev, no-Andropov - inkokeli entsha yeli lizwe - waqalisa "ukulingana okukhulu". Ekuhambeni kwalo kwakucwangciswe ukunciphisa ukusasazwa kunye nokucwangcisa phakathi, ukwenza iinguqu ezininzi kwixabiso lemimandla ethile kunye namashishini. Ezi ziganeko zaphumelela, kodwa umphumo wawusesikhatshane. Njengangaphambili, utshintsho lweemveliso zezoqoqosho lwaluyimeko engxamisekileyo.

NTP

Ekuqaleni kwee-1970, iWest yaqala isigaba sokuphuhliswa kwamashishini emva kwexesha. Oku kubandakanya ukuzenzekelayo kweenkqubo, ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kweekhompyutha kunye neerobhothi, ukuqaliswa kwetheknoloji entsha. Ngaloo nto, ukuqaliswa kwabafundi ngabasebenzi kuqale, ukuguqulwa kwayo ibe yinto yokudala, ikhululekile kwimimiselo. E-USSR bathetha kakhulu nge-NTP. Kwisakhelo senkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe, iikhompyutri zokuqala zeekhompyutheni zadalwa kwilizwe. Ngomnyaka we-1971, kwindibano eqhubekayo yeCPSU, ukufakwa okutsha kwakusandiwe. Isicwangciso sonyaka olandelayo kwakuza kuzaliswa ngokudibanisa impumelelo yenkqubela phambili kunye neenzuzo zentlalo yoluntu. Kodwa ukungaphumeleli kolawulo olukhoyo luye lwacotha kakhulu inkqubela phambili kwezobugcisa kunye nesayensi, ukufakwa kwempumelelo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa. Ngexesha, kwakukho iingxelo zentuthuko enkulu kunye nokufumanisa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba bekungabalulekanga kwimpi, bahlala bengagqithwanga ngenxa yokungabikho kwemali, kunye nokungabi ncedi lwabaphuhlisi kulawo mabhunga apho kugqitywa isigqibo sokufumanisa.

Imizamo yokusombulula ingxaki ye-NTP

Inkokheli yelizwe yaqala ukuqonda imfuneko yokutshintshwa kwendlela yokuvelisa. Ngenxa yoko, inani lamashishini amakhulu ekwakhiwa minyaka yonke liye lancipha. Kunoko, iiNGOs zaqala ukusekwa (imibutho yezobugcisa zenzululwazi), amashishini amasha avela (ubunjineli benyukliya, i-microelectronics, i-robotics, njalo njalo). Naphezu kwemizamo eyenziwe, le miba yayingenakuqulunqwa. Oososayensi baseSoviet baqhuba i-class-class, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, iimeko ezizodwa ezizimeleyo kwizenzululwazi ezisisiseko. Nangona kunjalo, kwimpilo yobomi, inkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe yayingacatshulwa. Ngama-1980, malunga ne-40% yabasebenzi, 60% yabasebenzi bokwakha, kunye ne-75% yabasebenzi basemaphandleni basasebenza ngesandla.

Ukuphendula kwehlabathi loluntu

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngo-1985 e-US kwakukho iikhomputha ezintsha ezi-1.5 kunye ne-PC ezigidi ezili-17. E-USSR ngelo xesha, ngamashumi amabini amawaka oomatshini abasebenzayo, ubuninzi bawo bebenamodeli angasebenzi. Ukugqithiswa kwemeko kubangelwa izigwebo ezithatyathwe eNtshona kuma-1980. Ngenxa yesingeniso sawo kwi-USSR, ukufakwa kwamanqaku aphambili kwezobuchwepheshe, kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu obuvela phesheya, sele buphelile. Ngaloo ndlela, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980 ilizwe kwakhona, njengama-1920s, lalisongela ukubuyiswa okutsha kweNtshona Koloni.

Uqoqosho loqoqosho loluntu oluphuhlisiweyo (itafile)

Ekugqibeleni

Yintoni eyiphumo loqoqosho lophuhliso loluntu? Itafile echazwe ngasentla ibonisa ukuba umfanekiso uphela uxinzelelo. Nangona kunjalo, imeko yeyona nxalenye enkulu yabemi sele iphucule ngandlela-thile. Abantu abaninzi baqhubeka behlala kwiindawo zokuhlala, iiTV, iifriji, iimashini zokuhlamba zaqala ukuvela emakhaya. Kwakukho ukunyuka okuncinci kwemvuzo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwezinga lokusebenzisa, ilizwe lihlala kuphela kwi-77 kuphela kwihlabathi.