UMlawuli Hadrian: ubukumkani kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Ngubani walawula 117-138 AD., UMlawuli waseRoma Hadrian wazalwa ngo-'76. Wazalwa kwi thanga Italica, ibekwe kwiphondo Baetica kufuphi Seville yanamhlanje. Adrian na unyana praetor linguPubliyo Elia Adrian kunci (oko kukuthi uNtsundu, isihloko waya kuyise njengomvuzo ngenkonzo yakhe kude-Mauritania). unina womntwana yaba Domitia Paulina ivela eHadesi Spanish. UMlawuli Hadrian fanele ku basebukhosini. uyisemkhulu kwicala kayise yaba lilungu le-yeeNgwevu kunye indoda yaloo kumakazi ka uTrajan. Lo mlawuli, owayelawula kwiminyaka 98-117., Ukufika Adrian umzala nguyisekazi, waba umgcini wakhe emva kokufa abazali bomntwana ngo-'85.

ulutsha

Lo mlawuli elizayo Hadrian wakhetha umsebenzi yasemkhosini. Waba waka kwi imikhosi, bakhonza enzima kakhulu amaphondo Yurophu Upper Jamani, Lower Moesia eseZantsi Pannonia. Njengoko ngasekunene uTrajan, Hadrian bahamba naye endleleni yakhe eya eRoma, xa elungiselela kwade etroneni. Kwikomkhulu, emkhosini watshata. Umfazi wakhe waba Vibia Sabina - intombi nomtshana umlawuli omtsha.

Ke UAdrian waba quaestor, waza wayalela neqembu wakhonza praetor ngexesha iimfazwe Dacian. Kuba ngoxa wayeyirhuluneli Lower Pannonia, nto leyo ebangele ukuba umlawuli ngokwakhe. inkonzo ziyalungiswa Adrian ezahlukeneyo yesigqeba. Ngo-108, iimpawu umphathi wamvumela ukuba abe ummeli-lizwe. Kuba Empire yayilixesha lixakekileyo - manani eziphambili mandla zoluntu kwafuneka ukuphendula emininzi imingeni kwexesha. Xa kuqala imfazwe kunye Parfiey UAdrian waya kwelaseSiriya, apho waba yirhuluneli yephondo umda.

yindlalifa kaTrajan

Ngo-117, ngexesha yesibini UAdrian wonyulwa ummeli-lizwe. Noko ke, ehlotyeni efanayo uTrajan wafa, wabuya wavuka umba olunameva of transfer amandla ukuya kungena ezihlangwini. Iintsuku ezintathu iindaba ukufa kaKesare luhlale imfihlelo kwinginginya. Ama bangxamele uyavuma ukuba ngubani oza kuba yintloko omtsha karhulumente. Ngosuku olulandelayo, emva kokufa uTrajan wafunyanwa intando yakhe yokugqibela kunye womyoleli, apho isebenzisa Adriana wegqitha ngqo kwetrone. Isibakala sokuba ukuthanda wokugqibela womfi iye yaqinisekisa umfazi wakhe Pompeia Plotina.

Nangona ezi ndaba zokwamkelwa kuye kwabangela abanye amathandabuzo. Emva ukulawula kwitrone Hadrian ezinkozo entsha kunye nomfanekiso yeprofayili yayo bakhululwa, phezu kwayo owawunesihloko kuKesare, kodwa kungekhona Agasti. Nakuba kunjalo, ukutshintshwa de facto kwamandla nangoku kubanjwa. Igama lokugqibela yayikukuba yomkhosi, waziphilisa-sicelo, umkhosi eziqhelekileyo. Inkcaso kumlawuli amatsha ukuba iNdlu yeeNgwevu, kodwa yeeNgwevu ukuba bodwa virtual, ngokuzithandela okanye hayi, kodwa wavuma inkosi entsha.

ungumenzi

Into yokuqala umlawuli omtsha Hadrian abenziwe eyandulela wakhe nomgcini. Kuba lo nguye kwafuneka ndicenge imvume evela Yeengwevu. Inokusebenza umlawuli ukuya izidwangube eziphezulu waba ethile. Nguzwilakhe yaba yeeNgwevu kunye ngembeko nangentlonelo. Enyanisweni, oko yasayinwa zoxolo isivumelwano, eqalwe ngokwakhe waba UAdrian. Umlawuli waseRoma wathembisa ukuba bangababetha na begazi, ukuba akuyi kuphazamisana umthambo-nkqubo ezizimeleyo.

Umnqweno ukulawula ezabo wayengekho ngengozi. izimvo Adrian ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukileyo kwezo guided uTrajan. Lo mlawuli omtsha wala ukwandiswa ngakumbi empumalanga. Isizathu sokuba loo aba zaqalwa ezinkulu eMesopotamiya. Ngenxa yazo, wolawulo * uKhesare Hadrian zaqalisa nesibakala sokuba wagqiba ekubeni abeke aphelise le ukudideka emdeni. On imiyalelo yakhe imikhosi amise imfazwe eParti. Buffer States phakathi ePersi uBukhosi baseRoma wahlala ezandleni zookumkani wayenguphum yasekuhlaleni.

nkqubo ukuhlehla ngokukhawuleza wabanika iziqhamo. Yokususa yaphela. Emva kokuba impumelelo yokuqala ka UAdrian waphethulela ingqalelo yakhe kwiindonga weDanube. Ngokwenza lo mlambo cross imida kwi waseRoma waqala ukuhlasela Roksolany kunye amaSarmatia. Army wahlula ezi mbuya, awayevela emaqeleni Sea Black. Xa elingummelwane Dacia Traian Adrian ukufumana yokugcina abangena ngayo inkqubo entsha yolawulo yahlulelana kwiphondo ube zahlulo zithathu.

Womlawuli basebukhosini

Winter iminyaka 118 UAdrian awayichitha nesase Nicomedia. Apho ke weva iindaba malunga kwiimpixano basebukhosini kwikomkhulu. Ngaba ngelo xesha eRoma nomthetheli lakomkhulu Attia kungekho umlawuli wenza abezopolitiko eziliqela abanempembelelo, orhanelwa ngokuba imbuka. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho ULucius Konst, naye Adrian nje phambi kokuba bagxothwa post yakhe irhuluneli kwelakwaYuda. Enye sibetho wazibonakalisa uGayo Avidius Nigrinus, ibona ezihlangwini kunokwenzeka kumlawuli.

Emva kokufunda lo kubulawa kwabantu kwenzeke, UAdrian wabuyela eRoma. Kwafuneka babonise ukuba iNdlu Yeengwevu ukuba wayengekho inxaxheba kukufa amagosa aphakamileyo zodidi oluphezulu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, umlawuli wenza idini engcwele, angabi Attia leeprifekthi yakhe indlu yomkhosi nakwabanye. Noko ke, eli bali yaba nefuthe elibi ubudlelane ka-Agasti yeeNgwevu.

amaphondo ukusela

ENamandla Adrian - umlawuli waseRoma, ngubani waba ngowokuqala kuthotho ababengaphambi bakhe kunye nabalandeli uye kulo umbuso wakhe. Yena kufanele kuqwalaselwe enye abahambi ezinkulu yamandulo. zokuhamba Incopho kumaphondo kwenzeka kwiminyaka 121-132. Kwidolophu nganye, umlawuli ngokobuqu abemi ukuqaphela iingxaki zabo nokusombulula iingxaki zabo embi kakhulu.

Bafumane amava zelakowabo, Hadrian wayalela ukukhulula uthotho imali, nto leyo kumaziko yomfanekiso nganye yephondo laseRoma. Iindidi kumngcipheko karhulumente obumntwisiweyo njengoko umfazi. Bonke bephela zahlukile enye kwenye, ukuba phawu iimpawu ezikhethekileyo: ikrele Asia, lo namang'ang'ane umYiputa, umdlalo yamaGrike, njalo-njalo ..

UAdrian waba umlawuli wokuqala, ideology ishiywe, njengoko apho uBukhosi wayeza kuba kuphela ezilungileyo eRoma. Yaba nguye abamisela ukuba ukudala imo olumbaxa esiphilayo, uNomsa leyo ayikhange ibe kwimbali yabantu. Nguzwilakhe ukubonile Empire woyisa hayi eyayiyingxubevange mazwe kuhlala, kunye noluntu, lona lwahlalayo izizwe ezininzi ezizodwa. Hadrian ingqalelo kwimicimbi amaphondo kunqandwe lonke ixesha lokulawula kwakhe.

travel Adrian

Injongo yale Uhambo lokuqala enkulu Hadrian waba eGaul. Lo mlawuli batyelela kwiphondo, ibekwe uhehema lwesitya sokuhlambela iRhine kunye weDanube. Emva koko waya Britain kude. Egameni kaKesare kumantla kokwakhiwa eludongeni olude, waluthethelela ilifa ngamaRoma Caledonians ezikhohlakeleyo.

Kulo nyaka 122, kwakhona UAdrian waya eGaul, eli xesha kwiingingqi ngakumzantsi wayo. Isixeko Nemause (Nimes mihla), wabeka ibandla imbeko umfazi kutshanje oswelekileyo of uTrajan kaPompeii Platinum. UMlawuli xa uzama ukugxininisa elabo zabo ngokubhekisele ezihlangwini zakhe kunye nentsapho yakhe. I Italica, wazalelwa khona Hadrian, umlawuli waseRoma batyelela zasebusika elandelayo, ukusuka apho wafudukela Mauritania Afrika.

Ngo-123, ubudlelane phakathi kweRoma eParti wasinda olunye uvavanyo yamandla. Esoyika imfazwe, buqu UAdrian watyelela ngasempumalanga lizwe. Wabamba iintetho kunye yamaPersi ukupholisa isimo. Ngeli hambo * uKhesare watyelela Palmyra ne-Antiyokwe. Kunyaka olandelayo, le UAdrian indefatigable weza eSamotraki, apho waseka isixeko igama lakhe Adrianople. Eli ziko ezopolitiko kunye nezenkcubeko bukhosi yasinda. Xa ixesha yoBukhosi baseByzantium, wayengomnye maziko zayo ezinkulu yephondo. Namhlanje idolophu igama Turkish ka Edirne.

uhambo we * uKhesare eGrisi. Ngexesha lolu Agasti mathupha inxaxheba iimfihlelo Eleusis - Hellenic kumsitho ebalulekileyo wenkolo waminyaka enikelwe uthixokazi wenzala Persephone kunye Demeter. Kwakhona anyukele mlawuli Kuyaphawuleka ukuba encotsheni iEtna mlilo esasiseSisili. Ukuhamba nge uBukhosi, UAdrian wamthoba eziliqela ashushu (umz, ikasiya in Syria). Ndityelele Egypt ngo-Agasti kwaye nice. Wafika ke Colossi of Memnon - imifanekiso ilitye kaFaro Amenhotep III, amela uAmoni sele iminyaka eliwaka enye enesiqingatha.

Iinqaba ezintsha

Kuba umlawuli kunye nohlobo imikhwa, kubalulekile ukuba Adrian - umlawuli waseRoma, ogama engobomi i umzekelo aphumelela, emva bonke, ababehambe kwezopolitiko. Emva kokuba umbusi, waqala rhoqo ukuya emkhosini. Umlawuli ibavelele rhoqo kweliso amajoni, ukuhlola izakhono zabo ukufumaneka kunye ukulwa. Njengoko UAdrian wala ngakumbi ukwanda yaseRoma, le imikhosi kwafuneka atshintshe ngokupheleleyo indlela yakhe. Evinjwa Ukoyisa, bavalelwa nokomelezwa kwiindawo umda.

Xa xesha Hadrian ecaleni urhulumente ngomda inani elininzi iinqaba ezinamandla kwakhiwa. Ekhaya inqaba lo bukhosi wabonakala emntla eBritani. Olu donga sele kukhankanyiwe, ebizwa Hadrian i-Wall, kukunaba endleleni eSalt Mystery yaye iphila kule mini. Its elakhiwe Turf namatye. Ezi mpawu uphawu udonga lwawa emaquleni ngohlobo unobumba V. Rest of Roman iBritani wayezithethelela amasango ezinkulu neenqaba ezinde, leyo na legionaries engcono kakhulu singapheli. udonga zizonke vika abantu malunga neshumi elinesihlanu lamawaka. Ukuya kwelingasentla apho kukho elingoyiswayo Caledonia singamaqaba.

iinqaba ezifanayo uvele Greece kunye Germany. Baye ibekwe khona, apho kwakungekho imida yendalo yendalo (umz imilambo). Inxalenye obuphathekayo ubude ezingamakhulu amabini eemayile iye yabanjwa phakathi iDanube kunye iRhine. Le shaft ke udonga utshatile beenkuni kunye ezingqonge izisele exandekeni.

Utshintsho empini

Ngenxa-nkqubo zikhusela Hadrian kufuphi kwimida zesisombululo civil akhulayo. Beza kufutshane kwiinkampu zomkhosi. Le kufika abantu bazama ukubaleka baphume abamelwane eziyingozi bakhona ngaphandle kweendonga zesixeko.

Yokuphila impi yokutshintsha. Ngoku ke amajoni nje ukulwa, kwaye ukuzala amahashe, ukwakha eqingqiweyo, wenziwa iyunifom, ilinde kwaye ezithutha okuziinkozo, wenza lulimo izilwanyana. Iyayeka ukuba kwatshintsha ukusuka kwiphondo ukuya imikhosi kwiphondo landiswa kakhulu lentsimi yayo msebenzi. Ngoku baye bagqiba nezoqoqosho.

Zonke ezi ezintsha ziyakhuthazwa Adrian ngokwakhe. WaseRoma, photo kwengeniso ezibonisa ukuba umntu obukholekayo obucokisekileyo phantsi ngobuso ebomini, besoma inxaxheba kwimicimbi bomkhosi, i intsika woxolo kunye nempumelelo karhulumente omkhulu. UAdrian yafuna ukuthotyelwa ingqeqesho ngokungqongqo kwaye ngaxeshanye ukwazi ukunxibelelana ngobungcathu kunye namajoni. Waya rhoqo uhlela, ukutya ekwabelwana kunye nobomi kunye legionaries. Sam baphuma kokusingqongileyo wamajoni, umlawuli wawabiza amajoni elihamba novelwano enkulu. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yale ebudeni bolawulo Hadrian kwi bukhosi wayengekho zidale lijoni elinye ngayo.

imvukelo yamaYuda

Uninzi yobudala Hadrian baseluxolweni. Imfazwe enkulu kuphela imfazwe 132, kufutshane ekupheleni wobukumkani bakhe. Sound wemvukelo yamaYuda kwelakwaYuda. Isizathu sokuba yombhodamo yaba kukwakha itempile yamaRoma eYerusalem. Ngungqondongqondo le mvukelo linguSimon Bar Kochba. Bavukeli bambamba iYerusalem abakhupha ke amaRoma. Le kwezithandani le mvukelo abaxhobileyo wathabatha iminyaka emithathu.

Iintshukumo bempi ngokwalo ngamaxesha kweliso yi UAdrian. LoMlawuli waseRoma, wayekho ukuwa kweYerusalem kunyaka 134. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kweso siganeko, iintsalela esichitha-chithwe le anezikrokro boyiswa yi amabutho. AmaJuda zocindezelo. Ingakumbi, balelwa kulwaluko.

Ukufa kwelifa

Iintambo kwaba ingxaki enkulu abajongene UAdrian. UMlawuli waseRoma alikhange abantwana bayifumana. nolwalamano oluhle nomfazi wakhe Sabina Vibiey baba cool kakhulu. Yena wafa kunyaka 128. kweminyaka esibhozo kamva, Hadrian esamkelwa Lutsiya Kommoda, kodwa bafa. Le elandelayo yaba indlalifa esemthethweni Antoniy ngu- bani. Ukuqinisekisa ixesha elide ukuqhubeka kwamandla kunye ezihlangwini isizukulwana esilandelayo Hadrian wayalela ukuba amkele ULucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius. Bonke bephela kamva waba ngumlawuli. Adrian yena wafa nge-10 iminyaka ngoJulayi 138. Indawo yokuphumla yakhe eRoma Umakhi yakhiwa kwangaphambili. Namhlanje waziwa ngokuba Castel Sant'Angelo.

Adrian - umlawuli waseRoma, ogama umhla wokuzalwa (24 Januwari 76) senzeka kwindawo zebhola lwenkcubeko yobuhedeni. I koMlawuli yaba lwalo ngexesha lakhe. Yena wayenomdla umlingo, ukuvumisa, kwaye bathatha inxaxheba kwimibhiyozo yonqulo. UAdrian wabhala imibongo eziliqela, wayemthanda uncwadi waye wadibana rhoqo ababhali owayephila kakhulu. Yena wayenomdla bokwakha kunye ubuye. Ngexesha Hadrian kwi ubukhosi, uhlobo olutsha yokudweba, ephefumlelwe inkcubeko yamaGrike. Waba yokuqala ka-Agasti, leyo bafanekiselwa ngendlela enezigaba kunye ngeendevu.

ngabapeyinti zamaRoma kunye abakroli umdla omkhulu * kuKhesare Hadrian kunye Antinous - owuthandayo isondela uKhesare. Le ndoda oselula kabuhlungu antywiliselwe umNayile ngo-130. Adrian iyalele ukumiswa lehlelo zonqulo Antinous, kwaye ukusukela ukuba wayesoyikwa nguthixo.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga * uKhesare

mkhuba yezakhiwo Adriana eziqulathwe kakhulu ngokucacileyo yokuhlala owakhe kwimimandla yaseRoma, Tibur, wakha phakathi Amathambeka nakwigcume lomnquma. Villa uMlawuli ibonisa banezimbo, lifana ngamaphondo awohlukeneyo kaRhulumente apho ukumtyelela. Adrian iye ingqongwe ngokwakhe kunye nabayili bezakhiwo isibindi experimenters waza wabayalela ukuba udale into entsha ngokupheleleyo. Uphando yoku zazizaliswe kunye nesakhiwo ngezitena eziphathekayo, efana naleyo yaba ungekho eRoma. Ngoko uBukhosi kwakukho revolution ngokwenene iye yakhula kwaye i fashion imilo othambe egosogoso, owathatha imigca elula tye.

Augustus ngokwakhe uza kuhlala kwisitulo ezintsha kuphela david yakhe. Adrian - umlawuli waseRoma, ngexesha ukubusa (117-138) wawa phezu kwincopho ukunqulwa koothixo yamandulo. Imbeko nenqwaba yakhiwa kwi the Champ de Mars. Kwisiza webandla endala, isakhiwo esitsha ngeenxa ezimile. Kela Hadrian yaba yokuqala amaziko anjalo, apho amakholwa ababehlanganisene.

Ngokutsho intando umlawuli kufutshane waseRoma Forum endlwini Venus ne Roma yayakhiwe. bezakhiwo kwesakhiwo zonqulo sakhiwe imbeko uTrajan ukubalelwa oothixo. E Athens, * uKhesare elaqalisa ngokutsha kwetempile kaZeyus. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba uMlawuli Hadrian, ogama engobomi iye yanxulunyaniswa iihambo ezininzi ukuya ngasempumalanga lizwe, yaba ellinofilom lokwenyaniso.