Uphando zizazinzulu e Antarctica Russia

Ukufunda Antarctica - imbali, ebonisa umnqweno okuxhomis abantu ulwazi zehlabathi, ibali malunga ngamandla omoya kunye nokuzimisela ukuthatha imingcipheko. amazwekazi amathandathu, kwakubekwe, ukuya ngasezantsi Australia, naseMelika kangangeenkulungwane yachulumancisa abaphandi kunye beemaphu. Kodwa imbali yophando Antarctic yaqala kuphela ngo-1819 kunye ukhenketho ihlabathi abahloli Russian Bellingshausen and various. Kwaba ngoko ukuba isiqalo ukwandisa indawo ice enkulu, oluqhubekeka unanamhla.

Lisusela kwixesha lakudala

Phantse amawaka amabini eminyaka ukuya kwixesha apho kwakukho ezivulekileyo kunye nezifundo yokuqala ka-Antarctica, zejografi yamandulo sele ndithethe malunga ikho. Ke intlama okucingelwayo eqhelekileyo ngalokho okwenza kwilizwe elikude. Igama "Antarctica" wabonakala kule xesha. Kuba okokuqala oko kwenzeka kwi Martina Tirskogo kwi AD ngenkulungwane yesibini. Omnye wababhali ye hypothesis malunga kwilizwekazi ongaziwa Velikiy Aristotel, loo nto ixela ukuba umhlaba macala, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kuba Afrika kwelinye izwekazi.

Iintsomi kwavela kamva. Kwezinye iimephu ukuba kungayanyaniswa kumaXesha Aphakathi, umfanekiso ibonakale ngokucacileyo i "South Land", ngokufuthi ibekwe ngokwahlukeneyo okanye edibene Melika. Ngowe-1929 omnye wabo wafunyanwa. Admiral imephu Piri Reis, yomhla we-1513, ekurhaneleka ukuba iqulathe ekuvezeni eneenkcukacha kakhulu kwaye oluchanileyo unxweme Antarctica. Apho umsunguli wathabatha iinkcukacha ikhadi lakho, nangoku igcina ingaziwa.

sisondele

Age of Discovery akuxhomekekanga iphawulwe ukufunyanwa kwelizwekazi yesithandathu. Uphando omkhulu yaseYurophu iingqameko kuphela isangqa zokugqogqwa. Kuye kwacaca ukuba kwilizwekazi South American "incamathele" nawuphi na umhlaba ezingaziwayo. Ngowe-1773 Dzheyms Kuk okokuqala kwimbali wawela Arctic Circle yaye bafumana iziqithi ezininzi Antarctic, kodwa ityala kakuhle. Esinye seziganeko ezinkulu geography kwenzeka emva kweminyaka emalunga-50 emva koko.

ekuqaleni wendlela

Ukuvulwa kunye lokuqala zophando Antarctica ababekhokelwa Faddeya Faddeevicha Bellinsgauzena kunye nxaxheba ngqo Mihaila Petrovicha Lazareva. Ngowe-1819, i-Kronstadt hambo iinqanawa ababini baya South Pole, 'Uxolo' yaye 'East ". Eyokuqala sibethelelwe ngokukhuselekileyo kunye various exhobele engahambi imiqathango enzima. Owesibini wadalwa iinjineli British kwaye ngandlela abaninzi baphulukana "Uxolo." Ekupheleni uhambo yena unobangela ukubuya yokuqala hambo: inqanawa beza ukuba mbi.

Ithunyelwa ngolwandle ngoJulayi 4 Novemba 2 ukuba kufikelelwe eRio de Janeiro. Emva ngenjongo, ukuba elirhangqiweyo kwisiqithi South Georgia kunye Sandwich beza Earth. Yayichongwe njenge leziqithi yaye igama Sandwich Islands South. Phakathi kwazo kukho iziqithi ezintathu ezintsha esafunyanwa: Leskov, Zavadovskiy kunye Thorson.

Ukufunda Antarctica Bellingshausen and various

Ukuvulwa kwenzeka 16 (27 New Style) ngoJanuwari 1820. Iinqanawa wasondela amazwekazi amathandathu kummandla namhlanje eyaziwa ngokuba kwithala ice Bellingshausen kwi Princess uMartha Coast. Phambi kokuqala kwekhefu Arctic ebusika, xa imozulu kakhulu, hambo wasondela izihlandlo eziliqela ukuze azise. Esondele iinqanawa kwilizwekazi baba 5 neyesi-6 (17 no-18) kaFebruwari.

Ukufunda Antarctica Bellingshausen and various waqhubeka emva kokufika ihlobo. Ngenxa yoko, yokukhangela kwimephu ezimbalwa izinto ezintsha iye isetyenziswe: Peter I siqithi umhlaba weentaba, inxenye ice-simahla Alexander I; Bazalwana amathathu Islands, namhlanje eyaziwa ngokuba Esplanda and O'Brien; Island yangasemva Admiral Rozhnova (namhlanje - Gibbs), i-siqithi Mikhailova (Kornuels), kwisiqithi Admiral Mordvinova (Elifent), kwisiqithi Vice-Admiral Shishkov (Clarence).

Uphononongo wokuqala Antarctica yagqitywa ngoJulayi 24, 1821, xa iinqanawa ezimbini babuyela Kronstadt.

igalelo uhambo

Oomatiloshe phantsi umyalelo we Bellingshausen and various ngexesha izifundo zakhe wahamba ngeenxa Antarctica. Bona uyifake ewonke iziqithi 29, kwakunye, Kakade ke, yezwe. Ngaphezu koko, baye bahlangana ulwazi elilodwa kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Ngokukodwa, i-Bellingshausen wafumana ukuba amanzi anetyuwa ngendlela efanayo fresh, echasene imibono izazinzulu yexesha. Umahluko kuphela - ufuna iqondo elisezantsi. Ngenkcazo zendalo ukuqokelelwa inzululwazi, wafika kunye oomatiloshe eRashiya, ngoku egcinwe kwiYunivesithi Kazan. Ukuze zazi ukubaluleka hambo akwenzeki, kodwa imbali ukuhlola kunye Ukufunyanwa Antarctica kuyo sele nje iqalile.

nokwenziwa

uhambo ngalunye nezwekazi feat ethile. Kwiimeko ezimaxongo entlango lomkhenkce ushiye ithuba elincinane abantu abagulayo-elungisiweyo okanye abadibenanga. Uphando lokuqala izazinzulu Antarctica zazinzima ingakumbi kuba amalungu azo kaninzi abakwazi ukucinga de kube sekupheleni ukuba balindelwe kubo.

Oku kwakunjalo ohambo Carsten Borchgrevink Egeberga. iqela lakhe wenza ukugaleleka yokuqala ibhalwe kunxweme Antarctica ngo-1899. Eyona nto hambo ekufikelelwe - le ebusika. Kuye kwacaca ukuba ukusinda kunokwenzeka xa kukho yokusabela exhotyiswe kakuhle kwiimeko ezimaxongo entlango enomkhenkce ebusuku ezibandayo. Noko ke, le ndawo wakhethwa ukuba ubusika kangaka kakuhle, kwaye iqela ekhaya emva ngamandla alo.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, i-South Pole yafikelelwa. Zafika kuye uhambo Norwegian ekhokelwa Roald Amundsen ngo-1911. Kungekudala emva kokuba iqela bakhe bafika South Pole Robert Scott, ngubani wafela endleleni umva. Noko ke, inkoliso uphuhliso elikhulu-isikali ice intlango lwaqala 1956 ukufundisisa Antarctica ifumene uphawu entsha - ngoku lwaqhutywa kwi ngokwemiba yorhwebo.

Igy

Phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, ukufundisisa Antarctica, amazwe amaninzi aye ekujoliswe. Ngenxa yoko, ngo-1957-1958. Elinambini lithi bazigungxula amandla abo kuphuhliso kwintlango aqumbe. Eli xesha, ukuba isaziso yi-International eziGeophysical Year. Imbali uphando Antarctica mhlawumbi akazi ixesha nje bengenamveliso.

Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba umkhenkce 'ukuphefumla "belizwekazi lesithandathu ufuduswe umke nomoya phezu kude ngasentla. Olu lwazi wenza kube lula ukuba liqikelele ngokuchanekileyo ukuba lingakanani na imozulu on Earth. Ngexesha lophando eninzi ingqalelo yahlawulwa wazala lisisiseko onokukuxela okuninzi malunga isakhiwo iplanethi yethu. It wavuna kwaye isixa esikhulu data kwi iziganeko ezifana ezimibalabala, izaqhwithi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye eyingozi evela emkhathini.

izazinzulu Russian ukufunda Antarctic

Kakade ke, kumsebenzi yezenzululwazi ngaloo minyaka indima enkulu eSoviet Union badlale. Xa intliziyo ilizwekazi izikhululo ezininzi yayisekelwe kuye rhoqo kumaqela zophando. Nokuba ngexesha lamalungiselelo yiSoviet Antarctic mkhankaso (æ) wadalwa ukuze International eziGeophysical Year. Iinjongo zawo ukufunda iinkqubo ibakho emoyeni lizwekazi, kunye nefuthe lazo lokuhamba khona umoya, ukuzoba iimpawu zejoloji komhlaba, kunye nenkcazo yaso emzimbeni eendawo, ukuchongwa kweepateni ukuhambisa amanzi arctic. Kwiphulo lokuqala lawela umkhenkce ngoJanuwari 1956 Kwaye ngoFebruwari 13 isikhululo "Uxolo" yavulwa.

Ngenxa yoko bamazwe Soviet polar kwehlela kakhulu inani amatshatshazi amhlophe kwimephu kwelizwekazi yesithandathu. Kwafunyaniswa ngaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu ezindawo ezifana iziqithi, iindawo, iintlambo emikhulu. Kwenziwa uphando-seismic. Bamnceda ukumisela ukuba Antarctica - hayi iqela leziqithi ngexesha ekulindeleke, kunye nemisinga. Ulwazi kakhulu ezixabisekileyo lidla ibhaqe ngenxa yomsebenzi labaphandi kwi lisebenze kangangoko, ngoxa zobuntlola zinzima emhlabeni.

Ngethuba lokwenza uphando lixakeke Antarctica owawusebenza izikhululo ezisibhozo ezisebenza ebusika kunye ehlotyeni. Kwangobo busuku polar kwilizwekazi abantu 180. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwehlobo, inani hambo lanyuka ukuya nxaxheba 450.

ezihlangwini

Emva kokuwa wokuhlola eSoviet Union ngayo Antarctica akamthintelanga. Endaweni æ weza Russian Antarctic hambo. Kunye nokuphuculwa kwezobuchwepheshe kunokwenzeka Ufundo ngakumbi kwilizwekazi yesithandathu. Uphando e Antarctica zizazinzulu ukusuka Russia kwenziwa ngeendlela ezininzi: inkcazelo zezulu, zegeophyisical nezinye iimpawu lizwekazi, imiphumela nesenzeko umoya phezu iimeko zemozulu kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, ukuqokelelwa kunye nocazululo data kuhlohlwa anthropogenic lwezitishi polar kokusingqongileyo.

Ukususela ngo-1959, xa "I Antarctic Treaty" yasayinwa, kwilizwekazi enomkhenkce iye yaba yindawo zokuzisa, kungekho umsebenzi yomkhosi. Uphuhliso kwilizwekazi lesithandathu lwaqhutywa yi-kumazwe aliqela. Uphando Antarctic ngexesha lethu - umzekelo wentsebenziswano ngenxa inkqubela yenzululwazi. Amaxesha amaninzi Uhambo Russian abe kuqamba ngamazwe.

ichibi eliyimfihlakalo

Phantse akukho ngxelo omnye wezifundo zakutshanje Antarctica ayiphelelanga ngaphandle ukukhankanya into kunokuba umdla ezifunyanwa phantsi kwe ngumkhenkce. khona izofika AP Kapitsa and IA Zotikov emva eziGeophysical Unyaka ngokususela kwidatha ngelo xesha. Eli chibi amanzi ebekwe East kufuphi kwizikhululo homonymous phantsi ice umaleko Ebubanzini km 4. Ukuvulwa uphando ekhokelwa zizazinzulu Russian e Antarctica. Kwathi ngo-1996, nangona kwakunjalo 50 ubudala ababesebenza wafunda kwelo chibi ngokutsho Kapitsa kunye Zotikova.

Discovery yachulumancisa lesayensi. Ezo ichibi subglacial uyazimela ngokupheleleyo wadibana kumphezulu womhlaba, kwaye kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Kuthiwa oko ngamanzi ahlaziyekileyo awaneleyo kunye xi eliphezulu ioksijini inokuba eziphilayo ezihlala, izazinzulu ayaziwa. A into efanelekileyo uphuhliso ubomi ubushushu zombini ngokwaneleyo ophezulu edikeni - to + 10º emazantsi. On emdeni ukuba eyohlula umphezulu dama, kwaye ice liphole - zonke -3º. Ngaloo ubunzulu ichibi abaqikelelwa kwi-1200 m.

Amathuba efumanise enezityalo nezilwanyana engaziwayo kukhokelele isigqibo ukubaqhelisa umkhenkce kummandla we-East.

manani zakutshanje

Ukubhola womkhenkce kwindawo ichibi yaqala ngo-1989. kweminyaka elishumi kamva ke amisa kumgama omalunga 120 m ukusuka echibini. Isizathu kukuba Ukoyika amazwe abaphandi amasuntswana ungcoliseko ecosystem ukusuka kumphezulu, nto leyo kuluntu eyodwa eziphilayo kungachaphazeleka. oosonzululwazi Russian akazange uyayixhasa le mbono. kungekudala It yaphuhliswa kwaye yahlola izixhobo ezitsha, ngakumbi nokusingqongileyo-lula yaye ngo-2006 kuqaliswe inkqubo kusombiwa.

Umphezulu kwechibi lwafumaneka Februwari 5, 2012. Iisampulu Water bathunyelwa ukwenzela uhlalutyo. Iziphumo zokufunda iisampuli ezininzi epapashwe ngoJulayi 2013 iisampulu bafumana amawaka ngaphezu emithathu enesiqingatha ulandelelwano DNA eyodwa, apho 1623 zaye ngamazinga kunye sodidi esithile okanye iintlobo: 94% - iintsholongwane, 6% - eukaryotes (nkalo umngundo) kunye nenye Oku kulungisiweyo ezimbini ilungu Archaean. Kukho imiqondiso ukuze kuthathwa ukuba kukho eziphilayo ezinkulu kweli chibi. Inxalenye iintsholongwane ezifumaneka ikutyela iintlanzi, kuba, mhlawumbi, ngexesha uphando kuzikhangela.

Abaphengululi abaninzi ibhekisela iziphumo kunokuba sokuthandabuza, ngokuchaza iintlobo enjalo ulandelelwano yodaka, ikhephu-mdaka. Ngaphezu koko, kusenokwenzeka ukuba inkoliso eziphilayo, leyo liphethwe-DNA wafumana, kudala ilahlekile. Ngenye indlela, ukuba izazinzulu zophando Antarctic evela eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi kummandla luyaqhubeka.

Imibuliso evela elidlulileyo kwaye sikhangele phambili kwikamva

Inzala e Lake Vostok kungenxa kuquka ithuba lokuba bafunde eziphilayo, ezifana nezo eziye zaba khona on Earth kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, ngexesha Late Proterozoic. Ngoko iplanethi yethu siye satshintsha ezinye glaciations ngamnye eziliqela jikelele, ngayinye iminyaka ukuya kwizigidi ezilishumi.

Ukongezelela, ukufundisisa Antarctica kwisiThili Lake, kanye inkqubo amaqula zokomba, ukuqokelelwa, uhlahlelo kunye nokucaciswa kweziphumo kunokuba luncedo kuphuhliso elizayo bakaRafa igesi uJupiter nawokuthwasa kwenyanga, Europa kunye Callisto. Wavele, kukho ichibi efanayo isimiso enkonkxiweyo ngaphantsi komhlaba yayo. Ukuba hypothesis kuqinisekisiwe, i "abahlali" amachibi ngaphantsi-ice eYurophu Callisto isenokuba eziphilayo kuqala owakhe ngaphandle iplanethi yethu.

Imbali wokuhlola kunye Ukufunyanwa Antarctica kuboniswa kakuhle banomnqweno rhoqo ukuze bandise ulwazi lwabo. Isifundo lelizwekazi lesithandathu, kwakunye International Station Space - umzekelo elinoxolo intsebenziswano kunye nolo lwamazwe ngeenjongo lwezenzululwazi. Kwilizwekazi ehambisana, Noko ke, Musa ukungxama ukutyhila iimfihlelo zabo. eyome ukuba siphelele rhoqo yobuchwepheshe, izixhobo lwezenzululwazi, kwaye basoloko ngayo ingqondo yomntu nomzimba ukuya kumda. Nokungafumaneki kwilizwekazi yesithandathu ezininzi, ngobukho inani onomtsalane izikhewu ulwazi ngayo qamba ezahlukeneyo amavo malunga Antarctica. Ukwazi lula ukufumana ulwazi malunga ezingontsingontsini ngamaNazi, UFOs kunye karhataka neebhola yigolide evuthiweyo, ukuba abulale abantu. Njengoko Enyanisweni, yonke into, uyazi kuphela bamazwe. Amarhamente iinguqulelo zenzululwazi bangaqhubeka Sinethemba lokuba kungekudala siza esiyaziyo Antarctica kancinane ngakumbi, yaye eyihlisayo kancinane isixa nobugqi esigubungela lizwekazi.