Ifomula toluene: yintoni na toluene, nendlela ukufumana ngayo?

Arena, eziquka toluene, kungathathwa nje avela ye ngumseki kunye nelungu lokuqala thotho homologous - benzene. Le ndlela yokubala jikelele iikhompawundi ziphantsi kule klasi, - C _n H _2n-6. Xa molecule hydrocarbon enuka eziqulethwe benzene ring (isangqa core). Formula toluene C ₇ H ₈ ibonisa izinto yelo qela elikhulu ze-oganikhi khompawundi. Uninzi toluene yaziwa phantsi igama elahlukileyo - methylbenzene. Le nto iye zande kushishino, lisetyenziswa njengoko isinyibilikisi eziphilayo, kwaye mabala ezinye iinjongo.

Yintoni toluene?

Enye arenes ebalulekileyo - toluene - yinto yemvelaphi imethyl of benzene. Ulwelo enemibala ngamanzi-ezingenakunyibilika Unazo livumba elithozamisayo embhoxo Iipeyinti, lacquers, izinyibilikisi.

Chemical ifomula toluene - C ₇ H ₈ - zinokubhalwa ngokwahlukileyo: C ₆ H ₅ -CH _3. Kulo mzekelo, inani athom kuhlala ngokufanayo kodwa umehluko kakhulu ukusuka benzene, nto leyo olukhulu - methyl.

Ukusebenzisa neminye imigaqo nokuhlelwa, umchiza kuthiwa methylbenzene kunye fenilmetanom. Le toluene enye, ifomula jikelele C ₇ H _8. Kwimeko yangaphambili nto igxininisa kwinto yokuba omnye hydrogen atom kwezo enxulumene carbon le ring benzene endaweni yi methyl olukhulu. Kuba yesibini igama ukhethe indlela eyahlukileyo. Kukholelwa ukuba methane enye hydrogen ithathwa phenyl olukhulu. Le yamasuntswana, nto leyo iguqulelwa benzene, sinikela atom hydrogen.

isakhiwo molecule

Ukubunjwa lo mbandela eziphilayo, eliquka kuphela carbon kunye athom hydrogen, ibonisa ifomula toluene. Imifuziselo Sharosterzhnevye kunye nomthamo kunika ingcamango isakhiwo molecule umchiza, njengoko yahlukile izinto komdyarho efanayo homologous. Kukho ukufana phakathi toluene kunye benzene, oko kukuthi, ubukho ijikazi athom carbon 6, kwimo sp ² hybridization. Nganye kwezi ntambo iintlobo ezintathu sigma kunye amasuntswana asebumelwaneni (i-athom ezimbini carbon yehayidrojini enye). ring nkqo kwenzeka inkqubo yekhompyutha eseleyo non-gqith p-orbitals (enye athom carbon ezintandathu). Umphumo uba amandla ezibalulekileyo kunye nozinzo yomjikelo lonke, yaye kungeso toluene kweziyobisi. Le ndlela yokubala noshowo iquka iikhompawundi carbon wesixhenxe kwiqela imethyl, onako sp ³ hybridization. Inxulunyaniswa athom ezintathu hydrogen, kwaye uqhagamshelwano yesine uchitha yikhompawundi icarbon elinye khonkcweni benzene.

methylbenzene ifomula kwesakhiwo

Electron ezinoxinano phakathi athom carbon eyenza isangqa esinevumba elimnandi, abelwa ngokulinganayo. Le meko iboniswa Formula benzene, toluene, kunye nezinye eziqhelekileyo arenes aromaticity (la manani achazwe of khonkcweni). Ziphawuleka kwaye ubukho imethyl olukhulu kwenye athom kwekhabhoni ngumongo. Unxibelelwano phakathi onke amasuntswana ziboniswa yi oodwi. Le ndlela yokubala noshowo kulo mzekelo ibonakalisa ubume kunye neempawu ezisisiseko lobume molecule ye mba.

Lula ifomula toluene - enemisesane ngaphakathi namacala okanye ngeedeshi, liqhina kabini. Iqela methyl Singafumana nayiphi na nuclei ezintandathu atomic, ukuba ilingana omnye komnye. Engxakini kule ndlela umfanekiso icacile. Record ayiboneleli ngolwazi malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku mba kunye nokufana zonke iibhondi carbon-carbon kwi khonkcweni.

Ukufumana methylbenzene elabhoratri noshishino

Elabhoratri, lo toluene saqala ifunyenwe kule minyaka 1835-1938 P. Pelletier A. Deville. Oosonzululwazi kuqala ulwelo pine intlaka, kwaye wasebenzisa tolu yebhalsam yesibini acatshulwe kwi-South American umthi Toluifera e Colombia. Ngoko kwakukho igama eqhelekileyo ukuba ubutyebi - toluene. Okwangoku inani elininzi methylbenzene unika ulwelo lwe petroleum kunye namalahle tar, ilandelwe yi yokusulungekiswa. Kule nkqubo coking, toluene isusiwe ukusuka kwi coke igesi oveni. Xa Yindibanisela styrene ekhululwe njenge eceleni le indlela benzene kunye ethylene. In elebhu kunye noshishino abafumana toluene lwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo.

1. Dehydrocyclization of hydrocarbon acyclic. Toluene yalungiselelwa ukusuka heptane phambi ngumnxibelelanisi kubushushu ka 300 C °.
2. Alkylation of benzene, leyo kuthiwa Friedel-wezandla basabela. Kwenziwa phambi AlCl3 kuvala okanye enye ehlanganisa: C ₆ H ₅ -H + CH ₃ Cl = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + HCl.
3. Ukudibana ne bromobenzene: C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ -Br + -Br + 2Na = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + 2NaBr.
4. Ukuxuba izinc kunye cresol: C ₆ H ₄ CH ₃ KOWU + Zn = C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ + ZnO.
5. Ukunenzela toluenesulfonic acid.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo of methylbenzene

Toluene, ifomula noshowo equlethe inucleus benzene, ebonisa iimpawu zomzimba ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo iikhompawundi enuka kamnandi.

1. inki ulwelo enemibala ngaphaya nekhupha ivumba.
2. Methylbenzene lukhuni kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kwaye uqalisa ukunyibilika kwi -93 ° C.
3. Iqondo toluene yi 110,63 ° C. into mninzi - 0,8669 g / ml.
4. Methylbenzene Solubility emanzini kubushushu kwe-20 ° C - 0,47 g / l. ubunzima izinyo osisiqu M (C ₇ H ₈₎ = 92.14 g / Mol.

Iimpawu chemical toluene: igcwala

Iimpawu arenes azimisele umjikelo iikhemikhali izinzile-athom carbon ezintandathu. Formula toluene - yinto isangqa benzene leyo ezihluthiyo ngokusesikweni kunye methyl olukhulu. hydrocarbon enuka ngeempawu ezifana alkenes, apho ebalasele Ngaphezu reaction. Nangona kunjalo, i-atom hydrogen kwi molecule benzene kunye homologues yayo inokuthatha inxaxheba reactions endaweni, nto leyo izisa kwibala kunye alkanes. Toluene into izidubuli ngaphezu benzene. Kuba arhente igcwala reaction ekuso.

1. Burning, nto leyo sikhatshwa ukukhutshwa carbon dioxide kunye nokusekwa amanzi: C ₇ H ₈ + 9O ₂ = 7CO ₂ + 4H ₂ O.
2. Xa indlela toluene ne potassium permanganate yiluciferase namaqela imethyl kwikhonkco icala molecule ukuya kweziyobisi carboxyl. Reaction of benzoic acid ifunyenwe.

ekudibaneni kwemichiza toluene isiqalo elimnandi

1. Bromination, esiqhutywa phambi ehlanganisa. izinto Halogenated ukhandwa: C ₇ H ₈ + Br ₂ = C ₇ H ₇ Br + HBr.
2. methylbenzene Nitration lwenziwa ngomxube nitric esinyusiweyo asidi sulphuric. Iqela nitro in toluene kunga- le ortho kunye para sikhundla. Indlela abasabela wabe ngokutsho indlela wokumelana electrophilic. trinitrotoluene (TNT), kuqhume amiliswe kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.
3. Hydrogenation hydrogen kwi iza kukhokelela ukulungiselela dearomatization kunye methylcyclohexane: C ₇ H ₈ + 3h ₂ = C ₇ H _14.
4. Chlorination ne ukufudumeza ngamandla okanye UV radiation Ifom hexachlorocyclohexane.

methylbenzene application

Toluene ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa izinto ekrwada organic yokuqaphela. Yena okanye kwisixhobo ebalulekileyo ekuvelisweni kwezinto ezininzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwe toluene:

• ukufumana nongo;
• mveliso removers ibala, amabala;
• Nokuveliswa neziqhushumbisi TNT;
• sebenzisa yokuncamathelisa nje kuphela, ipeyinti, iziqholo ezithambileyo izinto zokucoca;
• imveliso iipeyinti imisebenzi yokwakha;
• imveliso ye nezikhonkwane;
• imithi;
• ukwandisa octane amafutha;
• organic ezwi benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, benzyl chloride, saccharin, benzyl kotywala kunye nezinye izinto;

Izenzo toluene njengento kuphela industrial kushishino zeenkonzo zokuhlamba iimpahla, lisetyenziswa kunokutshiswa kwezikhumba. Kuyinto njengomanduleli eziliqela iimveliso yeoli, phenol, formaldehyde, izitshabalalisi kunye nezinye kusitsha.

toluene ubuthi

Methylbenzene izinto yingozi ngumlilo. Lo mxube umphunga-umoya uqhuma phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Toluene na ulwelo olunokutsha. Le ndlela yokubala noshowo kunika uluvo lokuba ubume kunye nesakhiwo, kodwa iqulathe ulwazi ngeziphumo kwezinto emzimbeni womntu. Kuye kwafumaniseka ukuba toluene yityhefu, inyathelo carcinogenic. Couples methylbenzene lula ukungena ngesikhumba, isixokelelwano sokuphefumla, ukuba utshintsho kwinkqubo luvo, kwinwebu inwebu osithelisayo, dermatitis. Xa umphunga imuncwe of toluene abantu kubonakala silale, iingcangcazela, umsebenzi kakuhle ye-apparatus vestibular. Sebenza toluene, iipeyinti, izinyibilikisi kufuneka banxibe iiglavu zerabha, pholisa le igumbi ngocoselelo okanye asebenzise kwenzakalani. Methylbenzene ke ezidakumbisayo into obuthathaka, ebangela ukuba toluene gwenxa kweziyobisi. Ezinye iintlobo nefuthe elibi ubutyebi;

• ukuluma iliso kunye ukuphazamiseka kombono lombala;
• exposure ixesha elide zingabangela ubuthulu;
• xi ophezulu egazini kubangela umonakalo kwesibindi, zezintso necrosis;
• Inhalation semali eninzi umphunga okhokelela nesiyezi, ukozela, intloko ebuhlungu.

isiphelo

Toluene iveliswa xa kukuninzi izityalo petrochemical okanye ifunyanwe njenge izityalo yi-kwimveliso coke. Umchiza i ezixabisekileyo ekrwada izinto ezinkulu-scale amagama eziphilayo ezisetyenziswa kwishishini loxubo-mayeza. methylbenzene Okuqukiweyo yeendidi ezininzi izinyibilikisi, ezisetyenziswa ukusebenza ipeyinti. Toluene ibhekisa ukuhlelwa iikhompawundi enetyhefu ukuya III udidi yingozi. Xa usebenza into uyondelelwano lwee- umphunga emoyeni kufuneka ukudlula mimiselo uzimisele nesempilweni. Asinako ukuvumela nokuphathwa toluene ukubonakala amadangatye ezivulekileyo, iintlantsi, oko kunokubangela i dubulo. Kukho kwakhona imiba yokusingqongileyo ezinxulumene kokukhutshwa toluene emoyeni:

• ekwi-oyile, izibaso ezahlukeneyo;
• e mlilo esebenzayo;
• emililweni ehlathini;
• usebenzisa izinyibilikisi, ipeyinti.

Iimpawu yityhefu ye toluene, umlilo kunye dubulo iingozi ifuna into engamanzi unyango njengenyathelo kunye nomphunga yayo.