Unyaka indalo "Inyaniso Russian". A uludwe lwemithetho Yaroslava Mudrogo

"Russian Ntiyiso" yaba egumbini lokuqala mthetho eRashiya. Kuba izizukulwana ezizayo, olu xwebhu yaba ngumthombo oxabisekileyo ulwazi malunga ngobomi ngaloo mihla. Yonke imithetho ezilandelayo zaye ezisekelwe kwiimbono yakhe "Russian Truth".

Njani i "Russian Inyaniso"

Eqhelekileyo kuthi igama elithi "inyaniso" ngexesha Yaroslava Mudrogo nguye inyaniso nje kuphela. intsingiselo yawo ezisisiseko kwelo xesha - oko kungumthetho ummiselo. Kungenxa yoko le nto iseti yokuqala lwemithetho ebizwa ngokuba "Inyaniso Russian" (unyaka kusungulwa - 1016). De kube lelo xesha, onke amaxwebhu asemthethweni ayesekelwe nokuziphatha zobuhedeni, yaye kamva - kwiCawa le nkolo lamaByzantine.

Imithetho "Russian Inyaniso" azovela ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela. Okokuqala, ngusompempe eRashiya ngelo xesha yayiquka yamaGrike kunye nokuxubana South. Baphantse baba akazazi emasikweni nomthetho Russian. Okwesibini, imithetho izithethe endala Russian eziqulathwe umthetho yobuhedeni. Oku ayikho ngokuhambelana entsha yokuziphatha, esekelwe kwimigaqo ezintsha zonqulo. Ngoko ke, ukuqaliswa ziko zeenkundla yonqulo ukwamkelwa ubuKristu baba eyona miba ephambili ukuba enze kwasekwa imithetho ebhaliweyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto "Inyaniso Russian" bavela ngaphandle inxaxheba seLizwe. Kodwa kolawulo kwecawa wenza njengesebenzayo umsunguli kolu xwebhu ikhethekileyo.

Le ndawo, leyo yakhulula i "Russian Inyaniso", le mpikiswano eza kuqala. Abanye abaphandi bathi ukuba kwakunjalo Novgorod, abanye abakholelwa ukuba oko kwenzekile eyayiseKiev.

isishwankathelo

Ngelishwa, i "Russian Inyaniso", umbhalo leyo yaquka inqaku umthetho lolwaphulo zorhwebo,, umthetho ilifa, owayefumene utshintsho. Kunye noqeqesha lokuqala uye walondolozwa ukuze imihla yethu.

Unyaka indalo "Inyaniso Russian", ngokutsho ingxelo mbali, 1016-th. Nangona kungekho ulwazi oluthembekileyo oluvela abaphandi awukwazi ukunika. Kude 1054 yonke imithetho yaqokelelwa encwadini ngenyathelo Yaroslava Mudrogo. Sasiqulethe amanqaku zomthetho ezinxulumene miba ilandelayo:

• umthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho;
• umsebenzi wenkundla;
• ubume kwezentlalo abemi.

Ubume bale "Inyaniso Russian"

Nangona unyaka ka kokudalwa 'Russian Inyaniso "- 1016-d, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sele ifikelele omnye iikopi zazo, nto leyo ebhekisela 1280. Yeyona ikopi midala namhlanje. Kwaye ukushicilela umbhalo yokuqala ukuvela 1738 ngoncedo mbali Russian V. N. Tatischevu.

"Inyaniso Russian" liye eziliqela iinketho ntetho:

• elifutshane;
• ezinde;
• anegama.

I yokuqala kubo - luguqulelo indala.

Inguqulelo elifutshane, 4 xwebhu. Bahambisa 43 amanqaku. Bona enikelwe izithethe zesizwe eRashiya, kuquka amasiko endala ezifana legazi. Kwakhona kwi "inyaniso" imithetho wabeka intlawulo kwezohlwayo, kwaye ukuba imali. Kulo mzekelo, isohlwayo wazimisela ngokusekelwe ubume bentlalo umoni. Olu xwebhu kukungabikho inendlela enomahluko eqhuba ngayo kuzo nokuzimisela fayini.

Xa inguqulelo epheleleyo ngakumbi "Russian iNyaniso", umbhalo elinganayo 121 amanqaku, iqulathe imimiselo Yaroslava Mudrogo kunye Vladimir Monomakh. olu khetho ngokuba "Olubanzi PRAVDA". Apha ke ichazwe ngokucacileyo ukuba afakwa amalungelo bondage, akunakuthethwa malunga menials. Inqaku ichaza ulwalamano zomthetho ekugqibeni amalungelo impahla kuyo nayiphi na ipropati, ukugqithiselwa wakhe njengelifa kunye nokusayinwa kwezivumelwano ezahlukeneyo. Kulo ngobuwena, imithetho nasemagumbini zasetyenziswa iinkundla yonqulo yoluntu ukuze isohlwayo.

"Ukunciphisa Inyaniso"

Le inguqulo entsha, oluthi luqokelelane ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-15. It wadalwa ngokusekelwe "Olubanzi PRAVDA".

kwakungayi kuba ikhowudi yemvelaphi wokuqala umthetho ngayo, musani kuba sisiseko indalo yayo. Kulo mzekelo, le mithombo baza baba "Liyinyaniso emfutshane" yaye "Olubanzi PRAVDA".

Ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye Zokohlwaya

Grand Prince Yaroslav Mudry , kunye noonyana bakhe, wabeka imithetho ukuze sidle ubomi, ababhalisele zonke izohlwayo kunokwenzeka-mthetho ezahlukeneyo.

I ezintsha kukuba kulisiko wabhangiswa phantsi igama "ayilwa". Noko ke, oku akuzange kwenzeke ngaloo nyaka, "Russian iNyaniso", yaye kancinane emva koko. Ngokuba nokubulala ukudibana phantsi komthetho.

Kulo mzekelo, umthetheli wasondela kunye neenkosana bona bawathabatha izivakalisi cane ngaphezu abantu ngaphandle "clan okanye isizwe."

Izohlwayo lwamacala abaninzi abaye baqeshwa. Kuba esophula kakhulu isohlwayo ibinzima. Intsapho ikwazi lee kunye netyala lali kunye nempahla athatha. Ezi izohlwayo isicelo ukutshisa, ubusela amahashe.

Into ebalulekileyo kwi isigqibo senkundla ehlawulwa amangqina. Baye ngokuba "posluhi".

Uxwebhu bahlukana okubulala elingenzi nto. It igcinwe isigwebo sentambo. Izohlwayo kwamiswa kumahlelo ahlukeneyo lemali.

"Russian Ntiyiso" igqiba idlela kweenkundla, endaweni eya kuba kuyo ukuba kufuneka, ngubani inxaxheba kwabo, nto leyo eya kuba izaphuli-mthetho baze ke kufuneka bagwetywe ngayo.

uxwebhu Value owayephila

Unyaka indalo "Inyaniso Russian" ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba ngokucacileyo. Yena njalo longeziweyo. Noko ke, kungakhathaliseki le, le ncwadi kubaluleke kakhulu basem- ukufunda elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko Yaroslava Mudrogo, nakwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ngapha koko, yonga ulwazi kangaka umdla malunga lokuqala nophuhliso Kievan Rus.

amagama amaninzi kumthetho mihla kufuneka Zininzi izinto ofana ngazo xwebhu lokuqala yomthetho. Umzekelo, isitshixo i "yolwaphulo ': kwi umbulali' Russian Inyaniso" igama "golovnik" kwabulawa kuxwebhu ebizwa i "intloko".

Ukongeza, imithetho "Inyaniso Russian" usinika umbono kobomi ubulawuli abantu abaqhelekileyo ngelo xesha. Apho kubonakala ukongama iklasi alawulayo phezu ngamakhoboka kunye nezicaka. Kwaba njalo okulungileyo ngenxa ubulawuli ukuba inqaku Russian PRAVDA ezisetyenziswa ingqokelela zomthetho ezintsha ngenkulungwane ye-15.

ukutshintshwa esisiseko "Inyaniso" waba Sudebnik Ivan III, leyo wakhululwa ngo 1497. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba sele yaguqula ulwalamano ngokusemthethweni indlela. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, onke amaxwebhu enkundla elandelayo abunjwe kuphela "Russian Inyaniso".