Ephakathi eYurophu: urhulumente kunye nesixeko. History of Mandulo Europe

Ithuba medieval ubizwa ngokuba ixesha lekhefu phakathi namathuba amatsha kunye yamandulo. Ngokulandelelana, ilungelana-sikhokelo lesiphelo V-VI ukuba XVI (ngamanye amaxesha nokubala), ubudala. Ngenxa yoko, kwiZigaba Aphakathi yohlulwe ezintathu. Oku, ngokukodwa: ekuqaleni, phezulu (phakathi) kunye kade era (ekuqaleni Renaissance). Okulandelayo, cinga indlela yokuphuhlisa karhulumente ephakathi yaseYurophu.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Ngu umthamo iziganeko ziyakubaluleka ethile ebomini yenkcubeko, ngenkulungwane XIV-XVI, kuthathwa ngokuba ixesha elisecaleni ne ezizimeleyo. The degree of heritability iimpawu uphawu izigaba ophelileyo ezahlukeneyo. Ephakathi Western Yurophu, iinxalenye Central kunye Mpuma, ngokunjalo kwezinye iindawo Oceania, eAsia, kunye Indonesia walondoloza izinto ezendeleyo kwixesha lamandulo. WezokuHlaliswa ye Balkan Peninsula wafuna kutshintshiselwano ngokwaneleyo kakhulu. Lo mkhuba zabanjwa kunye nezinye izixeko aphakathi eYurophu, kumazantsi eSpeyin kunye neFransi. Ngelo xesha linye bakholisa ukuba babuyele elidlulileyo, ukulondoloza amabhodlo impumelelo kwizizukulwana zangaphambili kwezo okanye kwezinye iindawo. Ukuba sithethe ngasezantsi nomzantsi-mpuma, uphuhliso apha yayisekelwe kwisithethe, eyakhiwe kwangethuba zamaRoma.

"Cultural amathanga"

Le nkqubo iye kwalutyhutyha ezinye izixeko aphakathi of Europe. Kukho amaqela amaninzi uhlanga kabani inkcubeko ulandelwa ngqo umgaqo-sikhokelo sikhulile, kodwa bafuna ukuba qhoboshela eziqhelekileyo kwezinye iindawo zonqulo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, liye kunye amaSaxons. Franks azama ukubanyanzela ukuba ii ukuba akhe - inkcubeko - zamaKristu. Kuba kwakhona ochaphazelekayo kwezinye izizwe, ukuba aye walondoloza iinkolelo polytheistic. Kodwa xa amaRoma ilizwe nokuhlutha bazama ukunyanzela abantu ukuba bamkele ukholo entsha. amazwe Cultural wayehamba ukususela ngenkulungwane XV, lo mgaqo-ngxwaba i Dutch, i isiPhuthukezi, i iSpanish, yaye kamva namanye amazwe, ukuthimba imimandla.

zizizwe zalapho

Imbali eYurophu, kusekwangoko, ingakumbi, wayezele ekuthinjweni, iimfazwe, ukutshatyalaliswa zokuhlala. Ngeli xesha ngokubonakalayo bayihambahamba ukuthabatheka zizizwe zalapho. Ephakathi eYurophu wayephethwe imfuduko enkulu izizwe. Ngexesha Kwathi ukwabiwa kwamaqela eentlanga ukuba aye kuhlala kwiingingqi ezithile, luyayithatha indawo okanye edibanisa kunye iintlanga sele-ezikhoyo apho. Ngenxa yoko, nathi ukudala symbioses ezintsha, ukuphikisana zentlalo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, oko eSpeyin, apho yokuhlaselwa lamaMuslim Arabhu kwi BC ngenkulungwane VIII. Kule nkalo ke imbali eYurophu yayahluke kancinane yamandulo.

Education States

impucuko medieval yaseYurophu uye savela kakhulu ngokukhawuleza. Kweli xesha lokuqala kwakhiwa States ezininzi ezincinci nezinkulu. I enkulu frankiyskoe. ummandla lamaRoma Italy waza waba geqe. Lonke elaseYurophu zamaxesha iyangena izilawuli ezininzi ezinkulu nezincinane ukuba kuphela kukungeniswa okumiselweyo ookumkani kwingxelo ngokubanzi. Oku kusebenza ngokukodwa kwiiBritish Isles, eScandinavia, kunye namanye amazwe ezingaqukwanga ukwakhiwa ithi ezinkulu. Kwinxalenye esempuma yehlabathi Zadlula iinkqubo ezifanayo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, e China ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kwakukho amazwe malunga 140. Kunye kombuso kwaye feudal apho - abanini feuds kwafuneka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ulawulo, umkhosi, kwaye kwezinye iimeko nokuba imali yabo. Ngenxa yale ukuqhekeka ukulwa rhoqo, kubonakala ngokucacileyo nalwazelelelo, kwaye urhulumente ndandibuthathaka ngokubanzi.

isiko

impucuko medieval yaseYurophu kuphuhliswa owahlukeneyo kakhulu. Oku kuboniswa inkcubeko kwexesha. Kwakukho imiyalelo eziliqela zophuhliso kule nkalo. Ngokukodwa, subculture cell ezifana ezidolophini, umlimi, knight. Development of the iinkosi yokugqibela feudal Sizibandakanye. Ngu City (burgher) inkcubeko kufuneka zihlelwe amagcisa kunye nabathengi.

imisebenzi

Ephakathi eYurophu kwabangelwa ngokuyintloko wokufama ukuziphilisa. Noko ke, abo okanye ezinye iingingqi, waphawula isantya engalinganiyo zophuhliso kunye nokuqaliswa iintlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi. Ngokomzekelo, abantu amadlelo, sahlala kumhlaba ngaphambili kulinywa ezinye iintlanga, laqala ukwenza wokufama. Kodwa ke, umgangatho womsebenzi wabo kunye neziphumo ezilandelayo eziye mandundu kakhulu ngakumbi kubemi bomthonyama. Kweli xesha yokuqala Mandulo Yurophu yaba inkqubo de-ezidolophini. Xa abantu bakhe zokuhlala ezinkulu yatshatyalaliswa bafudukela emaphandleni. Ngenxa yoko, abemi kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ugqithele kweminye imisebenzi. Zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ebomini eveliswa abalimi, ngaphandle iimveliso zesinyithi. Ukulima umhlaba phantse jikelele kwenziwa nokuba ngabantu (kokuba zinyuswe ikhuba), okanye esebenzisa iinkomo - iinkunzi okanye iinkomo. Ngenxa IX-X eminyaka iye isetyenziswe ukunqumla. Nale baqala yokudibanisa ihashe. Kodwa ezi zilwanyana ibe ncinci kakhulu. Ukuya kutsho kwinkulungwane XVIII, abalimi babesebenzisa ikhuba somthi kunye nefolokhwe ngomthi. Babengenayo ngokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana watermills kunye njengephiko yaqala ukuvela ngenkulungwane XII. ihlupha ngelo xesha kwakukho indlala.

Uphuhliso lweNtlalo kunye nezopolitiko

ubunini Land ixesha lokuqala lwabelwe phakathi amafama noluntu, icawa kunye izinduna. Ngokuthe ngcembe kwenzeka amakhoboka kwabantu. Umhlaba amafama free baqala ukungena phantsi kwezo izalathandawo okanye ezinye izabelo ecaweni okanye feudalists wempangelo abahlala nabo kwindawo enye. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba iminyaka XI ikhula ulwalamano kwezoqoqosho zobuqu shiyana phantse kuyo yonke indawo. Farmer yokusetyenziswa komhlaba kwafuneka ukuba enye isishumi imveliso iyonke, usile ngomhla weNkosi lokusila, isonka, umsebenzi kwiindibano okanye amasimi, ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwezinye imisebenzi. Kwimeko ingozi kuliwa yena iyatsalwa kunye nokhuselo lomnini mhlaba. Serfdom Mandulo eYurophu, imisiwe kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Eyokuqala zakhululwa abalimi abaxhomekeke France ngenkulungwane XII - ekuqaleni Zomnqamlezo. Ukususela ngenkulungwane XV baba abalimi simahla eNgilani. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa ukubiyelwa komhlaba. ENorway, umzekelo, abalimi yaye akuyi.

trade

ubudlelwane Market ziye okanye ubize (impahla zeempahla) okanye zemali (yorhwebo-mali). izixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo kwakukho ubunzima esilivere iinkozo, amandla ukuthenga ezahlukeneyo. imali Mint akwazi wobukhosi neenkosi, abo bathabatha igunya ukwakhiwa. Xa kungekho yorhwebo indlela baqalisa ukuba nobulungisa. Zidla lwenziwa kunye nabo okanye ezinye iiholide zonqulo. Phantsi iindonga inqaba njengenkosana kwasekwa kwiimarike ezinkulu. Abarhwebi ahlelwa aba zasungula kwakhokelela urhwebo lwangaphandle kunye zasekhaya. Malunga nexesha ndakubumba i okhawulezileyo हायपरटेक्स्ट League. Uye waba umbutho inkulu lihlanganisa kunye nabathengi nolo lwamazwe. Ngowe-1300 kumafa yalo imizi ngaphezu kwama-70 phakathi Holland ne Livonia. Baye yahlulwe ngokwamacandelo 4. kwaba kwi intloko kummandla ngamnye isixeko esikhulu. Kwakufuneka unxibelelwano kunye zokuhlala ezincinci. Le mizi izitora, iihotele (apho wahlala ngabarhwebi), ii-arhente yorhwebo. Development of the eziphathekayo kunye nemiba yenkcubeko ziye negalelo kangangoko elithile Zomnqamlezo.

inkqubela technical

Ngeli xesha, waba oluninzi kuphela. Oku kunganxulunyaniswa eTshayina, nto leyo eye waphumela kude phambili xa kuthelekiswa eYurophu. Nangona kunjalo, naziphi na uphuculo yenzekile kunye nemiqobo zaseburhulumenteni ezimbini: charter abakhandi kunye nebandla. Last uthintela ngokutsho iingcamango kweyabo kuqala - ngenxa yokoyika wokhuphiswano. Xa iingcibi ezisezidolophini sasimanyene evenkileni. Umbutho ngaphandle ebengenako ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela. Shop osasaza umbandela, ubungakanani iimveliso, kwindawo yentengiso. Kwakhona kwagqitywa kwaye ukulawula ngokungqongqo umgangatho imveliso. Iindibano babelandela izixhobo apho kwimveliso kwenzeka. Charter ilawulwa kunye nexesha simahla, nokubulaleka, impahla, iiholide kunye nangaphezulu. Technology wayigcina imfihlelo ngamehlo abomvu. Ukuba kokuba abhalwe, kuphela khowudi wegqitha kuphela nezalamane ilifa. Amaxesha amaninzi ubuchwepheshe obufanayo kwaye yahlala iyimfihlo izizukulwana ezizayo.