Umakhi iParthenon e Athens

Phezulu Acropolis baseAthene amanxuwa nenqaba leyo ngaphambili baba lamaqaba imbeko uthixokazi Athena, yaye amaKristu - imbeko ungowokubongwa Virgin, yaye ekugqibeleni mosque Muslim. Baya kwazi ngokulula, kwanabo zange uye eGrisi, ngoko lwenziwe iifoto zabo. Kuhleli enye yeetempile idumileyo ehlabathini. Name - iParthenon.

isiseko okanye ukwakha itempile

AmaGrike amandulo wayesazi ukuba nombulelo ngayo. Patroness uthixokazi isixeko Athena Parthenos , bagqiba ukwakha itempile, ngenxa yokwazisa uncedo kwakhe edabini nxamnye namaPersi e Marathon.

Ngokuba ekwakhiweni kwayo ukhethe inxenye ephakamileyo ezinqatyisiweyo aloo dolophu eliphezulu - i Acropolis, yaye ngowe-488 BC, wenza ibhukmaki amisiweyo. Umakhi kuyo itempile iParthenon hlawule le ndawo akukho ngozi. Okokuqala, kwakukho iitempile ngaphambili eyakhiwe imbeko oothixo babahedeni ezahlukeneyo.

Imilinganiselo iicawa yamandulo amancinci yaye akazange kufuneka ukwandisa indawo encotsheni yenduli ukwenzela ukwakhiwa kwayo. Kulo mzekelo, nangona kunjalo, kulindeleke ukuba avuse into enkulu, yaye ngenxa yale njongo kufuneka ukuba ukwakha icala langasezantsi nodonga olugciniweyo , uze uyifake kwi iibhloko sayo lekalika, phakamisa ngohlangothi esakhiwa kweemitha 7.

Lo msebenzi waqhubeka iminyaka esibhozo, wakha ntsika igubu yesibini, xa isixeko yoyiswa namaPersi. iziqhamo kweminyaka esibhozo umsebenzi lahlekelwa ngumlilo, kwaye ukwakha ihlaziywe iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30.

Ukwakhiwa ibandla elitsha

Umsebenzi yaqhubeka 447 BC. Amandla eAtene ngoko banawo Pericles, umlawuli nekratshi namabhongo. Ukwakhiwa lengcwele yinxalenye yesicwangciso yamitha nguye ngenxa leyo Athens kwafuneka ukuba bakhokele, bobabini endle emkhosini, kunye ezoqoqosho kunye nezenkcubeko. Ukuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso negalelo ekubeni ngexesha umzi wasiwa ebuncwaneni Delian Maritime Union, nokuququzelela isisombululo iingxaki zemali ezinxulumene nolwakhiwo. Kodwa ke ingxaki ngokwenene.

Imbali lokuba esigcinele le nkcazelo umdla. Pericles abelwe ukusuka mali yomkhosi ukwenza imisebenzi leetalente zesilivere 450. Malunga ubungakanani mali inokubonwa kwinto yokuba ulwakhiwo wenqanawa zokulwa neendleko italente enye ngaloo minyaka. Ngenxa yoko, iindleko ukwakha itempile inokuthelekiseka nendleko yokudala butho elikhulu aselwandle eziquka iinqanawa 450. Xa ubukhulu kweendleko ayesaziwa ngabemi, kwathiwa of Pericles in akafikanga. Le irhuluneli wabaxelela ukuba iindleko ukulungele kubalelwa-akhawunti bakhe, kodwa kulo mzekelo, iCandelo leeMviwo linelungelo zonke izinto sezakhiwo ziyaluthundeza igama lakhe. Abantu abazange bafune ukuba bayeke uzuko yomphathi kwaye ivumile ukuxhasa iprojekthi ukusuka kubuncwane esixekweni.

Ngubani na owakha iParthenon?

Lo mbuzo othi, mhlawumbi, bathi bonke ababonelayo kuqala wobugcisa bokwakha Athene. Emva indalo yayo bobabo womzobi ebalaseleyo abamagama bahlile beza kuthi - kwaye Iktinos Kallikratia. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, naye Karpion kunye nabancedisi bathatha inxaxheba emsebenzini. Le nomkroli odumileyo Phidias kweliso inkqubela ngokubanzi yomsebenzi, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe ephambili ukudala umhombiso oqingqiweyo yetempile, nto leyo usukelo yebhongo kakhulu yandile yayo ezukileyo. Ngoko ke, ethetha owakha kuyo itempile iParthenon, asifanele kuthetha wezakhiwo kodwa iqela lonke co-ababhali.

Utshintsha image itempile

Kwakubonakala ngathi kuyo itempile iParthenon kwimo yalo yantlandlolo, ngoku kunzima ukutsho ngokuqiniseka okuphelele. Inyaniso kukuba ubomi bakhe elide, uye itshintshe ngokuphindaphindiweyo inkangeleko yayo. Okunye kwinkulungwane we2 BC etempileni kwabakho umlilo eyomeleleyo, emva koko kufuneka umsebenzi wokubuyisela omkhulu. Oko kwaba ubuhle balo kunye butshaba yabalawuli. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-298 BC, owayelawula ngelo xesha daka, waya ezantsi imbali nguzwilakhe bangalawuleki wayalela ukuba lirhoxe kule sculpture zegolide Athens.

UMdali kuyo itempile iParthenon etempileni sakhiwe imbeko uthixokazi yobuhedeni. Kodwa imbali Greece, kwixeshana ibizwa ngokuba baseByzantium, nokwenzeka ubuya ukuba 426 etempileni AD zobuhedeni wajika ibandla lamaKristu. Ekuqaleni, oko bamiselwa imbeko yaseSt uSophia. Umakhi kuyo itempile iParthenon ayenzelwanga, Kakade ke, ukuba inzala yakhe zimiselwe ukuthatha zonke izinto ezendeleyo sesakhiwo iicawa zamaKristu, kodwa kwathi ngaloo ndlela.

Ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwetempile yamaKristu ncwadi

Ngokutsho kwizithethe esekwe kumaxesha amandulo, emnyango lamaqaba yayimi phezu ngasempumalanga. Umakhi ye yiParthenon eAtena, ngokuyila isakhiwo, kwaye kwazithathela ingqalelo imfuneko. Soqhayisa izimiso izakhiwo yokungena lobuKristu ukuba ngaso ukwenza kwicala ngasentshonalanga, nesibingelelo ibekwa phezu ngasempumalanga. Yeyona umthetho. Xa inkqubo ngokutsha ibandla ngokungqinelana neemfuno ezintsha kwisiza somnyango owayesakuba ukuya apse esibingelelweni yakhiwa njengoko emnyango, ngokulandelelana, waya ecaleni lasentshonalanga. Ngaphezu koko, iye yenziwa kwaye ezinye iinguqu ubeko kwesakhiwo. Emzantsi - inxalenye ntshona nenqaba intsimbi icawa kwakhiwa. Ukuzaliswa yokwakha kwi 662, yokumisela wetempile imbeko ungowokubongwa Virgin Mary. Phantse asibhozo eminyaka phantsi nakwiingqameko zalo ngokuqhutywa imithandazo zamaKristu, ngoxa 1460 isixeko azikafakwa amajoni Turkish.

ukutshatyalaliswa kwetempile

Kunye lonke ilizwe zafumana amaxesha nzima kunye itempile iParthenon. Greece ibiphantsi umsebenzi kunye Christian amanqugwala yajika mosque Muslim. Emva kweminyaka 27 yomkhosi yelo ikhokelwa ngu F. Morosini wazama ukuba ukuhlasela eAthene. Ukuziphendulela, baseTurkey wasebenzisa kuyo itempile iParthenon njengoko imagazini powder. Oku kwaba neziphumo ezibi isakhiwo. engundoqo avuthayo kukhululwa shaka yelo xesha, ukutyhoboza uphahla kwabangela dubulo eyoyikekayo. Ngenxa yoko wawisa umbindi iphela sakhiwo. Ulondolozo emva kokuba oku kwenzekile. Ukwenza izinto mbi, abantu balapha bahlukaniswa iingceba emarmore apho bazitshisa ikalika.

Itempile yokugqibela ubunzima umonakalo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX. Ambassador British ukuya eyadini Ottoman wafumana imvume ukuthunyelwa le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo ezigcinwe kuyo. Ukususela ngoko engaphezu kweshumi iminyaka ukudalwa abakroli zamandulo zamaGrike wahlukana uPawulos neAtene, ukuba babe yinxalenye lomboniso neemyuziyam ezinkulu ehlabathini.

Ukubuyiselwa kwivaranda itempile

Ngowe-1928 kwaqala umsebenzi, injongo elenziwa kwindawo enye iibhloko bawa kunye nemihlathi iParthenon. Kuba umsebenzi wadala ikomiti yenzululwazi, leyo kuquka iingcali ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo. intsebenziswano ngazo iminyaka emibini. Isiphumo ukubona kancane kwivaranda elingasemntla ifomu njengoko kwayilwa womzobi iParthenon.

Njani ukuba ofana itempile kumaxesha amandulo? Kuye zakhiwa ukuba izimiso itempile yamandulo Greek - uxande engqongwe kwimiqolo. Nangona massiveness wayo, wakhangela wabulela ezinkulu ukuba sengqiqweni engqongqo yecebo lakhe. Ngetempile ezihonjiswe eqingqiweyo ze Phidias omkhulu, kunye nakumbindi bema trinadtsatimetrovaya sculpture uthixokazi Athena, ihonjiswe ngegolide lwendlovu.

Ekukholelwa ukuba wezakhiwo akha isakhiwo itempile iParthenon i wobugcisa phakathi izakhiwo isimbo Doric. Xa umlawuli baseAthene Pericles ukucenga abemi recalcitrant ifolokhwe ngaphandle ukwakhiwa etempileni, waprofeta ukuba wayeza kuba ikratshi amaGrike, kwaye abaninzi, kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. Yangqineka kuye ixesha elifanelekileyo.