Ukuxolisa - is Protection nantoni

In the Greek amandulo elithi "apologia" - okokuba nto engaphaya. Xa eli gama waqalisa ukusetyenziswa kumthetho ngesiGrike, lifikile ukuba kuthetha intetho ukuziphendulela, yawathetha enkundleni. Kamva, yonke nezingasetyenziswa kukuzikhusela kwizityholo kunye nokuhlasela, ileta okanye itekisi yaziwa ngokuba uxolo.

gama ayaguquka

Ngokucacileyo, abameli nenzondelelo, bedumisa ezintle umxhasi wakhe, yaye mihla eli gama lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela wokhuselo ngokunomkhethe okanye indumiso ngokugqithiseleyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, igama elithi "apologia" ngokubanzi uphelelwe intsingiselo yokuqala zifunyanwe izithethantonye ezifana ekuphakanyisweni, kwaye nkqu alliluyschina zahvalivanie, kodwa Ekugudeni eshinyeneyo. Ngelishwa, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba loo ukhuselo eyayikhona wathabatha kusoloko indawo, ukususela kwixesha lakudala ukuya namhlanje.

Self-wawalwela uSocrates

Amabali kuyaziwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwale kota ngengqiqo lokwenyaniso - njengesizathu. Kulo mzekelo, uxolo - ukuba intetho ezintathu edumileyo kaSocrates, oluthethwa kuye ngomnyaka 399 BC kwi inkundla, apho lona lancethezwa zonke izono ofayo, nto leyo isigwebo sokufa yadluliselwa phantsi. USocrates, ekuthiwa sobulumko yokuqala, wayeyindoda kwexesha. Uninzi ekuthiwa-izazi Greece yamandulo abazange baqonde kuye, ukwazi ukongama wothiyiweyo yakhe. ngendlela cwaka isigqebelo zonxibelelwano wabakhokelela frenzy. Amangalelwe ngayo ukungahloneli Thixo, esonakalisa ulutsha kunye iimbono zabo. Kananjalo ngekratshi nasekoyikeni kwaye kukuqhayisa erudition. Nangona ekuso uSocrates adumileyo ukuba uyazi kuphela ukuba uyayazi nto. Kwaye eli binzana ayikho ngobuxoki ngabeka. Yinto ingxelo yokuba ihlabathi ulwazi obungenasiphelo akuqonde nombhalo wenkqu yakhe, nkqu kwesilumko esingakwaziyo ukuzihlawula.

isidima esahlala

Enkundleni, sobulumko enkulu ayizange acele inceba, baziphethe ngokuzingca, ngokuzolileyo bekhanyela bonke izityholo, ezibe okungenamsebenzi, ubungqina boko kunye etyeni. Ayikwazi ukuxambulisana ngokwaneleyo uSocrates, wagqiba ndibatshabalalise. Wafa entolongweni evela yityhefu. Wahlala uthotho okhanyayo kubafundi kunye nabalandeli, kubandakanywa edume uPlato. "Ukuxolisa" - enye yokuqala imisebenzi yakhe, engabhalwanga ngokohlobo yababini. Wayeneminyaka eli-30 abangaphantsi notitshala , baqubuda kuye. umsebenzi kokumgxeka inkanuko apho Plato ubiza umhlakulo umhlakulo, ebonisa epheleleyo jerk, nendawo ukungafaneleki abatshutshisi - eMileto, Anita, Likoni.

umfundi ayikuthandi Ufanele

Igama elichanekileyo wesicatshulwa, eyabhalwa uPlato kungekudala emva kwetyala (396 BC), ebizwa ngokuba "Apology kaSocrates". Ngokufutshane ke linokuchazwa njengoko ndifuna ukukugwebela omsulwa nokukhusela utitshala omkhulu izityholo awayetyatyekwa zona izityholo zobuxoki. Walatha parses intetho, uSocrates wathi enkundleni, uvumela ukuba wathi sobulumko enkulu. Nguwo lowo wokuqala izicatshulwa isetyenziswayo kaPlato. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba akukho nanye intetho icala engafakwanga, kodwa amaxwebhu yenkqubo wamangqina kucacile ukuba ubungalinikwanga nayiphi na ingqalelo inyani kwaye ufanelwe zonke ukuhlaselwa zange kungafunyaniswa okanye zomgunyathi.

lesayensi

Kodwa kukho ezinye iintsingiselo ilizwi. ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi iye zafunyanwa unqulo, ingakumbi ukuziphendulela ubuKristu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba le nkolelo Kunzima kuthi yaye kwakuthabatha iqashiso ukulawula wamaxhoba kunye abavikeli ezininzi ukuhlasela iintshaba. Ngale ndlela, uxolo - oko ukhuselo ukholo lwamaKristu. Ngoko oku kubizwa ngokuba nawuphi na umsebenzi ukuthethelela ukholo lwabo kuKristu. Kodwa ngengqiqo emxinwa okuxolisa kuthiwa izicatshulwa zobuKristu okuqala (ngenkulungwane-II III). Ngenxa impi yonke inzululwazi enxulumene nokhuselo le nkolelo, yaye ibizwa ngokuba apologetics. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abavikeli engumlawuli ebizwa bokholo. Kamva, lo gama lisetyenziswa amadoda, nenzondelelo kakhulu ekukhuseleni nantoni na. Iintshaba ubuKristu ngexesha nokubunjwa baso ngokwaneleyo - abasemagunyeni baseRoma, amaYuda, le abavikeli kwiinkonzo zamandulo kunye neentanda, kunye nokukhuselwa ukholo abanazo lwaqhutywa kwezi ndawo. Ngexesha le minyaka umzabalazo lwaqhutywa ngoncedo amaphecana zezopolitiko. Ngoko ke apologia yamandulo - i lobuntatheli.

Umsebenzi we-mbali French

Amabali kunye neminye imisebenzi aziwa phantsi eli gama. Umzekelo, i "Ukuxolisa wembali," uMarc Bloch (1886-1944), umbhali-mbali French, omnye wabaseki phephancwadi odumileyo 'Annals "kunye negama elifanayo lesikolo apho ubeka iimbono zakhe kwimbali njenge inzululwazi, kunye nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha ukufunda yayo. In "Imbali Apology okanye nezigcaliselo-mbali 'yakhe, ngowe-1986, umbhali iqwalasela umntu kwexesha, echaza into yokuba ingqondo yomntu kuyahlukahlukana phantsi kwempembelelo yeemeko ezininzi lwezizukulwana ubudala, oko kukuthi, khangela umcimbi efanayo zembali modified ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye mbali, le nto kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo. Isigqibo utsalela oku kulandelayo: ulwazi elidlulileyo kufuneka ubomi izizukulwana ezizayo elingcono.

isicelo engalindelekanga

elithi "uxolo" inokufunyanwa kwiindawo ezininzi engalindelekanga. "Rage" - umdlalo indima-odlala edumileyo, nto leyo a RPG (umdlalo kwi sicatshulwa) iziqalelo qhinga. "Rage" - nendalo elibuntsomi ngembali yawo. Lwendaba na ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kanye batshabalala yonke enye yi nonomgca ilalhekile kwaye ongayakhanga Sarnaut zahlulwe zibe ziingceba ezahlukeneyo (eyabizwa Omkhulu). Astral lubamba la Mirka. Umongo "Rage" - ukugcina usaphilayo. Zonke Rage ezihambelanayo nezinyuko. Ukudlala kunye ekusungulweni lonke ixesha izakuhlaziywa ngeziqendu ezitsha. Ngenxa yoko, Russian iseva guild "Apology" waphuhliswa hayi kudala. "Rage" - imveliso yasekhaya, wadalwa yi "Niva", owayebonakele iminyaka emibini phambi Google. Nivalom (umbhekisi phambili domestic imidlalo yekhompyutha), ngokusekelwe kwi kwihlabathi ngokubanzi "Rage" zaveliswa imidlalo ezifana Umhlaba "Lost e Astral," 'Uqalekisiwe "yaye" AMABALI Rage ".