UJanos Kadar. I-biography yezopolitiko zaseHungary

UJanos Kadar (iminyaka yobomi - 1912-1989) - lo mfanekiso ungenangqondo. Kwiincwadi zeenkcukacha zaseRashiya ubizwa ngokuba ngummeli omkhulu kunye nezopolitiko, phantsi kolawulo lukaHungary oluphumelele kwezoqoqosho. Ezinye iimpapasho zamagama njengeStalinist, owafika emagunyeni kwiibhononti zemikhosi yaseSoviet, iprotege ye-Kremlin kunye nomququzeleli wokubulawa kuka-Imre Nagy, nongumbuso omkhulu welizwe. Ngubani, eqinisweni, nguKadar, owanikezelwa nguMyalelo weHero weSoviet Union? Kule nqaku, siya kuzama ukuqonda i-biography yakhe enzima.

Iminyaka yobuntwana

UJanos Kadar wazalwa ngoMeyi 26, 1912. Wayeyindodana engekho mthethweni yomkhonzi kaBarbola Chemranek kwindoda uJosos Krezinger. Ukususela ekuzalweni kwintsimi yolawulo lwase-Austro-Hungarian, kwisixeko saseFium (ngoku seRijeka, eCroatia), wabhalwa kwiRejista phantsi kwegama elithi Giovanni Giuseppe Chemranec. Xa le nkwenkwe yayineminyaka emithandathu, umama wathuthela eBudapest. Kwimeko yesikolo esiprayimari, wabonisa ubuchule obungavamile. Njengomfundi osemgangathweni, wathunyelwa kwimfundo yamahhala kwiikholeji zemfundo ephakamileyo. Nangona kunjalo, imeko yezemali kwintsapho yayinzima. UJanosz Chemranek eneminyaka eli-14 ubudala wawayeka imfundo waza waqeshisa indlu yokunyathelisa. Ngokungaqhelekanga njengoko kuzwakale, kwaziswa kwiCommunist Party ... chess. UJanos osemncinci wayemthanda kakhulu lo mdlalo. Xa sele ephumelele ukuphumelela umdlalo we-chess. Njengomvuzo, wanikwa incwadi ethi F. Engels "Anti-Dyuring". Lo msebenzi, ngamazwi e-Chemranek, uguqulwe ngokupheleleyo.

Uqhagamshelwano noMarxism

Kulo mqhudelwano we-chess, uJanos Kadar wathola ngo-1928, xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu kuphela. Inkxalabo enzulu kunye neyona nkulu kwizoqoqosho lwehlabathi yayiphunga. Ukuqala kokunyuka komvuzo kunye nemilinganiselo yokuphila yabonwa ngabasebenzi. Umatshini omncinci wendlu yokushicilela uncede ukulungelelanisa i-rally kunye nokubetha. Urhulumente unqande ngokugqithiseleyo le ntsebenzo yabasebenzi, kwaye abaninzi abakwa-Chemranek babanjwe. Ngowe-1930 indlu yokushicilela ivaliwe ngenxa yentlekele. Ngenxa yoko asebenziswanga i-Chemranek, enokuxhatshazwa okukhulu kwinqanaba labaxhaphazi, wadibana neCawa yamaKomanisi eyayivalwe. Ngo-1931, wajoyina i-Komsomol cell. Ya. Sverdlov waza wathatha igama elingaphantsi kweBarna (Chaten). Sekudlulileyo ngoMeyi 1933 waba ilungu leKomiti yePhiko leNtsha yeqela lamaKomanisi eBudapest. I-Soviet Union, eyayixhasa ngemali le ntlangano, yamnika izifundo kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow, kodwa i-Komsomol encinane yayilahla.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini

UJanos Kadar, owakhe u-biography uye wahamba ngokugqithiseleyo nezopolitiko, njengokuba uStalinist oyinyaniso akanalo nxamnye nomanyano we-USSR kunye neHitler yaseJamani. Ngaloo xesha, wayeseyitshintshe iPhathi yamaKomanisi, ejoyina iinqanaba ze-Social Democrats ngowe-1935. Kulapho wenza kwakhona umsebenzi kwaye wayesebenzisa iseli le-SDP. Enyanisweni, kwimfazwe wayenxaxheba ngokusemthethweni kwi-"Resistance" yaseCzechoslovak, kodwa akazange ahlanganyele kwimisebenzi ekhethekileyo apho. Kwiminyaka kamva, iindaba zobukhomanisi zazisasaza ulwazi oluthetha ngokuba wadala i-Front-Hungarian Front Front, kodwa akukho misebenzi ebhaliwe yile ntlangano. Ekuqaleni kweengqungquthela watshintsha kwakhona i-Social Democrats, kwakhona ukubhalisa kwiKomiti yePest yeCawa yamaKomanisi eHungary. Kwaye kwakhona ukunyuka kwamathuba emisebenzi: ngowe-1942, wayeseyilungu leKomidi Ephakathi, kwaye ngo-1943 - uNobhala weKomiti ePhambili ye-CPV.

Umsebenzi kwiSoviet Union

Ngo-Epreli ngo-1944, uJanos Kadar wabanjwa eSerbia ngenxa yokuchithwa. Wakwazi ukuphuma. Ukufihlekisa, wathatha enye into engabonakaliyo - iKadar (Cooper), okwakusuka kuthi ngoku. Ngo-Ephreli 1964, ngoko ke inkokheli ye-USSR, ezama ukutyhila umlingani wayo "umloli obalaseleyo kwi-fascism," wamnika isihloko seHero yeSoviet Union kwaye wanikezela ngokugqwesileyo kwixesha elifanelekileyo- uMyalelo weLenin kunye neDold Star medal. Xa iHungary ikhululwa kwi-fascism, iKadar, ngelo xesha sele igosa le-NKVD, yonyulwa iSekela leNdibano yesiZwe, kwaye ilungu le-Politburo yeCentral Committee yeCommunist Party (CPSU). Ukususela ngelo xesha, umsebenzi wakhe usondele. Ngomnyaka we-1946, waba ngumbhala-ngumbongameli-jikelele weKomiti ePhambili yeCPSU. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukususela ngo-1945 ukuya ku-1948, ukhonza njengobhala wenkomiti yesithili-dolophu. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ngo-Agasti 1948 wamiselwa nguMphathiswa weMicimbi yangaphakathi yelizwe. Esi sikhundla, waqala ukuboshwa kukaLazzlo Raiko, wamangalela ngemisebenzi elwa neSoviet. Ukuba ngumlingani weStalinist uMthias Rakosi, uKadar waxoshwa waza waba yintolongo kwinkampu yoxinaniso. Wakhishwa kuphela ngo-1956.

UJanos Kadar: upolitiki we-regime yenkampu yentlalo yoluntu

Ngaloo xesha, ukunganeliseki kwakuvuthiwe eHungary ngokwemodeli yaseSoviet yeenkokheli zelizwe. Ilungu likaRhulumente u-Imre Nagy ukhuthaze ngokubambisana intsebenziswano kunye nemanyano yabasebenzi, ukukhululwa kwamabanjwa ezombusazwe, ukupheliswa kocalulo. UJanos Kadar ekuqaleni waxhasa ngokusisigxina lomgaqo-nkqubo waze wachaza ukuba wayeya kumisa umzimba wakhe wokuqala iTanki owawuwela umda waseHungary. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokukhawuleza wenza umsebenzi, kwaye ngo-Okthobha 30, 1956 wamiselwa umphathiswa eofisini, ephethwe nguNadia. Kodwa sele ngoNovemba 1, uKadar uphuma eHungary aze ahlangane noNikita Khrushchev e-Uzhgorod, enika imiyalelo ecacileyo malunga nokubunjwa kolawulo olulawulwa yi-USSR. Ngeveki kamva umbusi omtsha kunye namathangi aseSoviet abuyele eBudapest.

Ixesha le "goulash-communism"

NgoNovemba 8, 1956 uKadar wamemezela ukuthunjwa kwamandla. UNadia kunye nabahlobo bakhe babalekela kwi-ambassy yaseYugoslavia. UKadar wathembisa abo baqala ukuba kunye nabazalwana bakhe. Kodwa xa uNadia washiya i-ambassy, wabanjwa kwaye emva kweminyaka emibini wabulawa. Nangona kunjalo, uJanos Kadar, onesithombeni sakhe esasayihlonela isizukulwana esidala saseHungari, wayengumpolitiki onobuchule. Kwiimeko zeSpres Spring, wakwazi ukucima umlingani wakhe omkhulu, i-USSR, ubuninzi beenzuzo zelizwe lakhe. I-Soviet esebenzisekayo kunye nokulungiswa kwezoqoqosho, i- Hungary ukuvuleka kwabavakhenkethi kwi-bloc capitalist yenze ilizwe libe likhulu okanye liphumelele. Ixesha le "goulash-communism" laphela nangaphambi kokuwa kwe-USSR. Sekude ngoMeyi 1988 uKadar waxoshwa, kwaye emva konyaka, ngoJulayi 6, wafa.