Fronda - uthotho zoqhankqalazo anti-urhulumente eFransi ngo-1648-1652 gg.

Yintoni a Fronde? Inkcazo lo gama noxa makungeniswe ileta ebhaliweyo echaza ngqo zembali - ibizwa ngokuba inani noqhankqalazo anti-urhulumente waseFransi phakathi kwenkulungwane XVII - kunjalo kuba ubhalo isigqebelo ukubhuqa. Iziganeko lubonise ukuba bonke abo baphambili ezo ziganeko zamandulo baba bahanahanisi, ngomlomo wakhuthaza ukuba intlalo-ntle yeli lizwe kunye nabantu bayo, yaye enyanisweni, ukwenza ezabo iimfuno zabo zokuzingca kuphela.

excursion encinane Ezolimi

Ihamba kancinci kwi elithi "Fronde". Le nto ifana yaseRussia abathetha pronunciation French - Fronde, gama elo elithetha "ngenkwitshi". Xa kunjalo ke ngokuba umdlalo ethandwa kaThixo, oluwe yokuzonwabisa ezingenanto kunye bokungakhathali kwakungandonwabisi. Ngenxa yezizathu ezixelwe ngasentla, oko iqhele ukusetyenziswa ukubhekisela kubantu amazwi, ebonisa ukunganeliseki kunye nabasemagunyeni, kodwa ayikwazi isigqibo naliphi na inyathelo eziphathekayo.

France phakathi lwekhulu XVII

Umcimbi, nto leyo enika yokukhawulezisa ukuvela eli gama kwaqala iza kuphuhliswa eFransi ukususela eko zenkulungwane XVII. Ngeli xesha uninzi labantu, olu sapho lwaluquka abalimi, eneneni wonakele iimfazwe, iirhafu emba iphanga phezu inxalenye yomkhosi wakhe, yaye inani aweza yotshaba. Oku kwakhokelela ngezikhondo zamehlo lwentlalo ilunyekwa imvukelo evulekileyo.

Ngokutsho isiko elidala Fronde - ibinzana osetyenziswayo ukubonisa intetho ephezulu begazi French, wazama ukuba ukusebenzisa ukunganeliseki ethandwayo ukulungiselela iinjongo zabo. Ngelo xesha, ukuba minor iBhodi State XIV Louis uphumeza unina - Queen Regent Anna Avstriyskaya nomlungiseleli yokuqala, Cardinal Mazarin. inkqubo kwabangela ukunganeliseki nje kuphela abantu, kodwa elite enkundleni. Isiphumo yaba inkcaso, ephethwe yiPalamente.

amanyathelo akhethekileyo awodwa yenkitha

amalungu Inkcaso ye umphantsi nomphezulu igunya kwakhokelwa imiboniso ezithandwayo. Nangona le mvukelo rhoqo ngqiqweni nakhohlakeleyo, kungakhathaliseki enoba qwele Orenburg emathafeni, okanye ngaphantsi iifestile Versailles, kulo mzekelo, ukumkanikazi kunye iincam nethamsanqa - oko kuphelele kuphela ukwakhiwa kocingo, kwaye ngaphandle kwegazi. Kodwa ukoyika Anna Avstriyskaya baye ubunzima waza wenza umnyinyiva abo bavukeli kunye nePalamente.

iziganeko ezintsha ithuba ziye, xa, ngo-1648 ecaleni iKumkanikazi baqhawula anyotywa izipho zesisa iNkosana Conde - ligorha elaziwayo yaphela nje i Years War. Le wamazwe lithemba kunye nejoni nanceba ingqongwe umkhosi wakhe ukuya eParis, kunokuba kwesifo entsha yokunganeliseki okugqithileyo, ngubani, xa ubuhlobo kunye neqela basebukhosini kwakhona kanye ezitratweni.

Inkundla yaqhubeka umzabalazo nezidubedube

Fronda - kuyinto nje ukuba kwamiswa ngenxa misalliance ezinjalo - Union Abantu abahluphekayo kunye nokuva zizityebi. Ukuba yokuqala izilogani zabo anti-urhulumente baphatheka ngokunyanisekileyo, le yokugqibela bazama ukufumana kuphela inzuzo lobuqu kungenzeki. Oku kwaqondwa kakuhle lwabasunguli eziphambili yombhodamo - amalungu epalamente. Bengathembeli ngoncedo begazi, baza ngokukhawuleza ukugqiba isivumelwano soxolo kunye ukumkanikazi, yaye loo nto etsha okwethutyana.

Kodwa uxolo elide kweli lizwe ayizange yenzeke. Zolani luwugqithile zonke Prince efanayo Conde. Kwathi kanti, yena siphele nomona nasekoyikeni Mazarin kunye nomnqweno ukunyanzelisa Queen Regent abantwana ezikholekileyo kuye ngokwakhe nezigqibo zezopolitiko. Zingenawo ubuchule ukuze baphile ngamayelenqe entle courtly, yena ezihlekisayo zakhe krwada abangamhloneliyo eyadini kwaye ekugqibeleni baphelela entolongweni.

Commander in a isivatho

Nangona sasinye nozise wayehleli kwigumbi Vinsenskogo enqabeni, eli lizwe kwaqhambuka imvukelo omtsha, eli xesha oququzelelwe udade wabo kunye inkosana La Rochefoucauld kunye neqela izinhanha, bamthiya i Cardinal. Eyona ngozi esingundoqo lentendelezo ukuba Princess of Conde kunye nabahlobo bayo, ukukhathaza nomdla wesizwe, wangenisa njengoko babehlangene baseSpeyin - iintshaba yemveli France. Kungekho nto waqinisekisa imbono yokuba Fronde - isikakhulu umzabalazo izilangazelelo zobuqu.

Cardinal kwafuneka ukuba ahambe ngexesha inginginya nkonzo kule Cathedral of Notre Dame kwaye yiya kwi intloko yomkhosi kuwoyisa kwiindawo eneenkani. Wayedibana impumelelo, yaye kungekudala uninzi abavukeli babeka phantsi iingalo zabo. I elide wamelana imikhosi karhulumente Bordeaux, kodwa abavikeli yayo kwiNgxowa ngoJulayi 1650. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Mazarin, nangona ukuba umntu anegama ngokomoya, wayesazi imicimbi zomkhosi. Iyamcamagusha abo bavukeli, yena ngokukhawuleza nangendlela eyiyo wayeka kuhlasela babenyuka ukuya uncedo lwabo baseSpeyin.

Inkululeko ukungcatshwa Prince de Conde

Noko ke, emva kokoyiswa abavukeli Fronde eFransi akazange anikezele - kakhulu maxa iintshaba Mazarin eParis ngokwayo. Bamthiya, obuqukuqela amandla begazi iyelenqe usaman kangangexesha elithile, ipalamente, ebumba manyano ngenkani kususwe ukusuka emandleni Queen ne Mazarin ukukhululwa entolongweni uNkosana de Conde. Sikhuthazwa yi ukudutywa Anne of Austria, frondory wazama ukubhengeza ukuba ngumlawuli minor uKumkani uLouis XIV wayengekho kuye; Ke yona iMbangi Orleans.

sezifezekile Iimfuno ezimbini zokuqala, Ke yona iMbangi Conde, wakhululwa entolongweni. Once ezamahala, yena, echasene ezilindelekileyo noogxa bakhe bangaphambili, ehendwa izithembiso ezilungileyo noKumkanikazi kunye inkampu yakhe. Noko ke, kungekudala kwacaca ukuba idinga ubutyebi - ibinzana nje engenanto, Sawufumana ekhohlisa yaye ngoko nangoko bawelileyo emva frondoram. Isimanga, abahlobo bakhe endala bayamkela ngovuyo - Kuyabonakala ukuba nangemva ziye ziqwalaselwe kakhulu eqhelekileyo.

Imfazwe, kuthiywa ngabantu

Ngeli xesha le meko kweli lizwe liqulunqe esibi kakhulu amsongele ukhuseleko kwiKumkanikazi kukho isoyikiso. Kwizixeko ezininzi, sele iqalile imvukelo ukumqumbisa kweNkosana Conde kunye neqembu yakhe, nakwelisezantsi waqalisa omnye ukuhlasela amajoni Spanish. Iziganeko ingathatha zimbi kakhulu, bawasindisa Cardinal Mazarin.

Kungekudala ngaphambi koko, phantsi kwengcinezelo evela epalamente, wafuna ibhatyi yakhe, wawushiya loo mmandla yaseFransi. Ke kaloku, ngelo xesha amanqam, oko lavela, kodwa hayi kuphela, kodwa sikhatshwe looding olomeleleyo mercenaries, leyo kugaywa eJamani. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba phambi kokuba aba kwexesha, njengoko iNkosana Conde kunye nomkhosi wakhe wangena Paris.

Kwizitrato kwikomkhulu French kunye esangweni lomzi yaqalisa kuqubisana lithemba. An iinkcukacha umdla - amaxwebhu zembali zibonisa ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo kulo mzekelo, wahlala cala, kunye ukutyiwa ngokulinganayo isebenza macala imbambano. Wonke umntu udiniwe intiyo olungenasiphelo kwaye akukho elikhokelayo, kwakude kudala ukuba akukho kuphinda yabangela eyona ityala layo. Fronda walahlekelwa kuxhaswe inginginya waza wajika ngumzabalazo amandla ngaphakathi sabaphathi karhulumente.

Ukugqitywa umdlalo kwezopolitiko

Siye buziphelise zonke izenzo kwiKumkanikazi bukhosi. Kuba ngamaxesha isusiwe ukusuka kwikomkhulu axakane kangaka Cardinal inkcaso kwaye isaziso nokulungela wayo ukuba bavume iimfuno wePalamente. Yaba enye kushenxa kwezopolitiko, kodwa ngoncedo Anna Avstriyskaya waphumelela phezu iqela zangaphambili phakathi basebukhosini. Bonke wafumana urhulumente kwindawo ebekekileyo kwaye kufudumele. Conde eyedwa yaye kungekudala wenza esinye ukungcatshwa, ukujoyina i Army Spanish.

Oku yaphela Fronde zodumo. Ngokufutshane UPawulos isiganeko, nge ngokuqinisekileyo zithi, akuba eqale njenge flash ubunzima koqhankqalazo kwezentlalo, le nkqubo zizele kumzabalazo yokuzingca igunya, zezwe aphezulu karhulumente. Ngaphandle zinkulu lomsitho, yonke into eyenzeka kwi eFransi kwixesha eliphakathi kweminyaka 1648 no 1653, ngenxa yokuba iimfuno zabantu abambalwa. ngoko Kuthathwa ukuba Fronde - uhlobo of game ubutyebi blank blase kunye namandla tipolitiki.