Uhlobo lweemaski zegesi kunye nembali yendalo yazo

Ngomnyaka we-1915, isenzo somntu sazaliswa ngesiganeko esitsha esibi: umkhosi womnye wabelligerents ngokokuqala ngqa wasebenzisa izixhobo zokutshabalalisa. Ngaphantsi kwedolophu yaseYpres, kwindawo yamaFrentshi, amaJamani athuma umlambo we-chlorine-kwaye amawaka amasosha afa ngexesha elifutshane.

Inyaniso yokuba olu lwaphulo-mthetho aluyi kuhlawulwa lwacaca kungekudala, kwaye ukuphendulwa kwegesi ukuphendula akuzange kugcinwe ukulinda. Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhawuleza izazinzulu zamazwe e-Entente kunye namaqela ase-Austro-Hungarian ziqondisisa into ecacileyo: kulula kakhulu ukutyhekisa abantu kunokuba babasindise, kwaye nangakumbi ukunyanga.

I-Russia ayingekho umqalisi wokusetyenziswa kwe-OB, kodwa kwilizwe lethu kwakusungulwe umaski wegesi. Njengososayensi oyinyaniso, u-Nikolai Zelinsky wavavanya eso sixhobo kuye, wachitha imizuzu emininzi egumbini eligcwele umxube we-chlorine kunye ne-phosgene (iindawo eziqhelekileyo ezenziwa ngumkhosi welo xesha), waza waphuma ngaphandle.

Iintlobo zeempahla zegesi ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala zazingavumi kwiindidi. Zonke zazo zaziyi-replicas ezenziwe ngo-Zelinsky kwaye zahluke kuphela kwifom ye-mask, ilizwe elivela kuyo kunye negama. Ukukhuselwa okuthembekileyo kwanikezelwa kwisiganeko sokungabikho ukulibaziseka ngokugqoka, kunye neerubhi kunye nebhokisi yensimbi ayinakonakaliswa.

Ngokulindela ukutshabalaliswa kwehlabathi elitsha, iminyaka engamashumi amabini kwaye phantse yonke i-thirties yekhulu lama-20 yadlula. E-USSR, uqeqesho olwenziwa rhoqo olukhuselekileyo lwentlalo luqhutyelwe ukuqeqesha amajoni aseRedal kuphela, kodwa kunye nabasebenzi kumafama amashishini, kunye nabantu. Kwakukho iintlobo ezintsha zeempawu zokucoca, zazijoliswe kubantu abadala, abantwana, amahashe (ibhola eliphambili kunye nesiseko sabamahashe) kunye neenja, inxaxheba yabo kwimfazwe ezayo yayingacacile.

Wonke amasosha aseJamani aseYurophu ahlala ephethe amatyala aqhutywe ngamachiza egesi, kodwa awazange afuneke, iJamani yahlulwa ngaphandle kwezinto ezinobuthi. AmaNazi azange alingeke ukuwasebenzisa, ukuqiqa ngeendawo zabo ezikhuselekileyo ezichasene nabo.

Kodwa emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwemfazwe entsha, kubanda, kwaye kwikhosi yayo kwavela ezo ziphephelo, apho izihlungi zazingenamandla. Iimolyuli ze-OM (eziqhelekileyo ezibhinqileyo, oko kukuthi, ezibulalayo emva kokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezimbini ezingenakungozi) ziye zincinci, ilahlekile ilahlekile. Ekuphenduleni, zenziwe iindidi ezintsha zeegesi zamasksi, ngokukhawulelana. Ezi zilandelayo ziyinxalenye yendawo okanye i-spacesuit emanzini kunye nomthombo womoya-mpilo kunye nokutywinwa okupheleleyo kwendawo yangaphakathi.

Kodwa kungekuphela nje ukwesatshiswa kwezempi okwavuselela ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo zokukhusela. Inkulungwane yeshumi lama-20 yayingumngcipheko wokusongelwa kwabantu abadala. Ukusebenza kumashishini anobungozi kwishishini lokukhusela ngokukhawuleza, ukuveliswa kwe-radioactive kunye neerakrikhi zenyukliya zifuna ukulinganisa amanyathelo amasha ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko. Kukho iintlobo zeemodaka zegesi ezingenakusetyenziswa kwibala lemfazwe, kodwa zisebenza kakuhle kwiimeko ezixolweni.

Umzekelo, umsebenzi wokucoca okanye ukulungisa isitya apho angakwazi ukuphefumula ubophe imaski enexhoba elide apho umoya ococekileyo unikwa khona.

Kwezinye iimeko, kuxhomekeka kwimeko yobuthakathaka, kunokwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe ukuphefumula okuqhelekileyo okukhusela ekukhuseleni uthuli. Ngokwenene, le nto, nakuba ilula kakhulu kwaye ingabizi, kodwa i-gas masks. Iindidi kunye neenjongo zezixhobo ezikhuselekileyo ziye zahluke kakhulu, kwaye izixhobo ezisemhlabeni jikelele ezisetyenziswe yimpi zibiza kakhulu ukuvelisa ngenxa yombutho.

Akunzima ukuhlukanisa iintlobo zamasksi egesi kwiingxelo zangaphandle. Ngokungafani neefowuni zefayili ezinamaqabana atshintshiselwano obuncinane, afakwe ngqo kumaski okanye kwipahla edibeneyo ehlangene nayo, i-hose yokubangela isilwanyana esinikwayo esinokuxhaswa nge-oxygen. Ukusebenzisa ukugqibela kukufuna ukulungiswa okunzulu, uyilo luyinkimbinkimbi ngokunciphisa i-valve kunye nesilinda nge-carbon dioxide absorber. Ukongezelela, i-mask yokubambisa ayinakuncedo ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kokukhuselwa komzimba wonke, onika i-rameti yeerbhile ekhethekileyo. Amathumba anamhlanje angene ekhumbeni.